according to which they will be taken up.

BAHIA.

In this state is located the first German colony founded in Brazil. It is Leopoldina, started as a private undertaking by Busch, Reycke and Freireiss in 1818.[8]

Frankenthal, another private colony, was founded in 1822 by Peter Weyll and Saueracker.[9]

Of all the states mentioned, Bahia is the least important so far as German colonization is concerned. This is largely due to the fact that its climate is too tropical to favor such colonization oft an extended scale.

MINAS GERAES.

The private colony Theophilo Ottoni,[10] in the north-eastern part of the state was founded by a German stock-company in 1851.

Recent state colonies where Germans form a considerable part of the population are Nova Baden, Francisco Salles, Itajubá, João Pinheiro, Constança, Vargem Grande, and Rodrigo Sylva.[11]

Germans form a considerable part of the population of the capital of the state (Bello Horizonte) and of the important city of Juiz da Fora.

ESPIRITO SANTO.

The state colony Santa Izabel was founded in 1847. The first settlers were composed chiefly of Rhenish Prussians.

Santa Leopoldina, another state colony, was founded in 1857. A suggestion as to the origin of the first settlers is offered by the names of the different districts into which the colony was first divided; viz.; Schweiz, Sachsen, Pommern, Rheinland, Tirol and Holland.

The two above-mentioned are the most northern of the important German colonies in Brazil to-day.

RIO DE JANEIRO (Federal District).

Nova Friburgo, the oldest state colony in Brazil, was founded in 1819. The first settlers were Swiss, but since Germans immediately followed them and formed the larger part of the subsequent influx, Nova Friburgo is properly classed as a German colony.

Petropolis was made a state colony in 1845. In reality it had its origin as a German colony in 1838. The first settlers were German emigrants originally bound not for Brazil but for Sydney, Australia. On account of the bad treatment they received on the French sailing vessel "Justine" they revolted and compelled the captain to land them at Rio de Janeiro on December 2d, 1837. Here the Brazilian Imperial Government assisted them and at the suggestion of Major Julius Friedrich Koehler[12] gave them employment on the construction of the Serra road between Estrella, located a short distance above Rio, and Parahyba do Sul, located near the border between the Federal District and Minas Geraes. They formed their settlement at what later became Petropolis. On account of the satisfaction which the government found in these immigrants it turned the settlement into a state colony in 1845, as above mentioned.

As in the case of Santa Leopolidina, the origin of individual groups of colonists to Petropolis is indicated by the names of some of the sections into which the colony was divided, viz., Bingen, Ingelheim, Moselthal, Nassau, Westphalen, Unteres-Rheinthal, Mittleres-Rheinthal, Simmern, Castellaunerthal, Untere Pfalz, Obere Pfalz, Oberes Rheinthal, Wöstädterthal, Schweizerthal, Wormserthal, Darmstädterthal, etc.

Since 1850 there has been but little German immigration into the Petropolis colony. On the other hand, this particular colony has been a rich source for indirect German immigration into the more southern states.

Among the recent state colonies of Rio de Janeiro that of Visconde de Mauá is largely populated by Germans.[13]

SÃO PAULO.

The oldest German settlements in the state are the provincial colonies founded in 1827. On November 13th of that year the first levy of settlers, all South Germans, landed at Santos. These were apportioned into two colonies; one located at Santo Amaro and the other between Penha and Nossa Senhora dos Garulhos.

The provincial colony of Quilombo, located between Itapecerica and Contia, was founded in 1828.[14]

In 1847 the private colonies of Ybicaba and Angelica were founded by the Senador Vergueiro. They were put on the basis of meiação,[15] the later abuse of which, by others than Vergueiro, paved the way for the famous Heydt rescript[16] of November 3d, 1859.

In the following more recently established provincial colonies the population is largely made up of German settlers: Campos Salles, founded in 1897; Jorge Tibiriça, founded in 1905; Nova Europa, founded in 1907; and Bandeirantes, founded in 1908. In addition to these, the provincial colonies of Monção and Pariquera Assú also contain important quotas of Germans.

In the state of São Paulo the Germans form to-day an urban rather than a rural population. They are very strongly represented in São Paulo (the capital), Campinas and Santos. The following towns and their vicinities are also important centers of German population: Riberão Pires, São Bernardo, Rocinha, Vallinhos, Helvetia, Nova Friburgo, Salto de Ytú, Sorocaba, Botucatú, Riberão Preto, São João da Bôa Vista, Villa Americana, Pires, Araras, Leme, Rio Claro, São Carlos do Pinhal, Santa Rita do Passo Quatro, Santa Cruz das Palmeiras, Brotas, Dous Corregos, Jahú, Villa Raffard, Piracicaba, and Jacarehy.[17]

Excepting the older colonies first mentioned, the German element in São Paulo is largely made up as the result of indirect immigration; in the early years from the Petropolis district, and later from the more southern states and from Argentine.

PARANÁ.

The state colony of Rio Negro was founded in 1829