tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">[18] while this section of Brazil was still within the limits of São Paulo.[19] Shortly after its founding the colony was increased by the location of members of the mustered-out German legion of the Imperial army.[20] Subsequently many settlers from the São Bento district in Santa Catharina moved over to this colony.

The following provincial colonies are settled largely by Germans or German-speaking Austrians: Jesuino Marcondes, Ivahy, Iraty, all founded in 1907; Itapará and Tayó, both founded in 1908; and Vera Guarany, founded in 1909.[21]

By far the most important center for Germans in the state is the capital, Curityba. There are some 12,000 German-speaking residents in this city. In addition, a large number are located in the important cities of Lapa, Ponta Grossa, Porto da União and Castro.[22]

A large part of the German element in Paraná is due to indirect immigration from Santa Catharina.

SANTA CATHARINA.

São Pedro de Alcantara, a state colony, was founded in 1828.[23] Its first settlers came mainly from the Rhine district.

Itajahy[24] and Santa Izabel, two other state colonies were founded in 1835 and 1846 respectively.

Blumenau, a private colony (originally), was founded in 1850 by Dr. Hermann Blumenau.[25] The first settlers were mainly natives of Pomerania and Mecklenburg. Blumenau is the most widely known (largely because of its German name) and one of the most important German colonies in Brazil to-day. According to Carvalho "Blumenau constitue dans l'Amérique du Sud le type le plus parfait de la colonisation européenne."[26] The area of the "municipio"[27] covers 10,725 square kilometers and is populated by about 60,000 inhabitants, the great majority of whom are of German descent.[28] The "Stadtplatz"[29] is composed mainly of one street 5-1/2 kilometers in length (including Altona) and is most beautifully situated on the right bank of the river Itajahy-Assú. It contains about 3,000 inhabitants, nearly all of whom are Germans.

Dona Francisca was founded in 1851 as a private colony by the "Hamburger Kolonisationsverein von 1849." It comprises the territory given as a marriage dot by Dom Pedro II. to his sister, Dona Francisca, at the time of her marriage to the Prince of Joinville of the French House of Orleans. The "Stadtplatz" of the colony was named Joinville in honor of the prince.

Dona Francisca was founded under favorable circumstances at a time when many Germans, including members of the "upper classes" were leaving the Fatherland on account of the general political discontent during the latter part of the forties of the past century. This fact is reflected in the German language as spoken in Joinville to-day. It is perhaps more free from dialect than in any other German colony in Brazil. The general cultural status of the inhabitants of Germanic origin is relatively high.

The entire colony (municipio) of Dona Francisca contains more than 30,000 inhabitants; the "Stadtplatz" about 6,000. In both, the inhabitants of Germanic origin form the great majority.

The colony of Brusque[30] was founded in 1860. Its early colonists were composed largely of former inhabitants of the Rheinland, Westphalia, Oldenburg and Baden. Next to Blumenau and Dona Francisca, Brusque is to-day the most important German colony in Santa Catharina.

In the territory not included in the "municipios" mentioned above, the larger part of the inhabitants of the following centers are of German descent: Angelina and Santa Thereza, both founded in 1853; Therezopolis, founded in 1860; Palhoça, Braço do Norte and Pedras Grandes.

Important numbers of Germans are located along the following rivers of Santa Catharina: Rio Itajahy do Sul; Rio das Tijucas; Rio Braço do Norte; and Rio Capivary.[31]

In point of numbers, Santa Catharina is next to the most important state in Brazil so far as German colonization is concerned.

RIO GRANDE DO SUL.

São Leopoldo, a state colony, was founded in 1824. The first settlers came from the Hunsrück section. To-day its population is estimated at more than 50,000, mostly of German descent.[32] We may designate São Leopoldo as the center of the "Deutschbrasilianerthum" of Rio Grande do Sul.

The state colonies of Tres Forquilhas and São Pedro de Alcantara das Torres were founded in 1826. The former was settled by German Protestants, the latter by German Catholics.

Santa Cruz, a state colony, was founded in 1849. Its first settlers were mainly from Pomerania and the Rheinland.

Next in order there followed an important period of private colonization. As a result of this we have Rincão d'El Rei, founded in 1850 by Dr. Israel R. Barcellos; Mundo Novo, founded in 1850 by Tristão José Monteiro; Conventos, founded in 1853 by Baptista F. Pereira e Cie.; Estrella, founded in 1856 by Santos Pinto; Mariante, founded in 1856; and Maratá founded in 1856 by Andreas Kochenborger and Pedro Schreiner.

In the year 1857 two provincial colonies were founded, i.e.,