قراءة كتاب Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Milan, 1475-1497
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dancing, the feasting and travelling, cease, and the richly coloured and animated pageant is brought to an abrupt close. Beatrice dies, without a moment's warning, in the flower of youth and beauty, and the young duchess is borne to her grave in S. Maria delle Grazie amid the tears and lamentations of all Milan. And with her death, the whole Milanese state, that fabric which Lodovico Sforza had built up at such infinite cost and pains, crumbles into ruin. Fortune, which till that hour had smiled so kindly on the Moro and had raised him to giddy heights of prosperity, now turned her back upon him. In three short years he had lost everything—crown, home, and liberty—and was left to drag out a miserable existence in the dungeons of Berry and Touraine.
"And when Duchess Beatrice died," wrote the poet, Vincenzo Calmeta, "everything fell into ruin, and that court, which had been a joyous paradise, was changed into a black Inferno."
Then Milan and her people become a prey to the rude outrages of French soldiery. Leonardo's great horse was broken in pieces by Gascon archers, and the Castello, "which had once held the finest flower of the whole world, became," in Castiglione's words, "a place of drinking-booths and dung-hills." The treasures of art and beauty stored up within its walls were destroyed by barbarous hands, and all that brilliant company was dispersed and scattered abroad. Artists and poets, knights and scholars—Leonardo and Bramante, Galeazzo and Niccolo—were driven out, and went their way each in a different direction, to seek new homes and other patrons. But the memory of the young duchess—the Donna beata of Pistoja and Visconti's song—lived for many a year in the hearts of her loyal servants, Castiglione enshrined her name in his immortal pages, Ariosto celebrated her virtues in the cantos of his "Orlando Furioso," and far on in the new century, grey-headed scholars spoke of her as "la più zentil Donna d'Italia"—the sweetest lady in all Italy.
And to-day, as we pace the dim aisles of the great Certosa, we may look on the marble effigy of Duchess Beatrice and see the lovely face with the curling locks and child-like features which the Lombard sculptor carved, and which still bears witness to the love of Lodovico Sforza for his young wife.
In conclusion, I must acknowledge how deeply I am indebted to Signor Luzio, keeper of the Gonzaga archives at Mantua, and to his able colleague, Signor Renier, for the assistance which they have lent to my researches, as well as for the help afforded by their own publications, in which many of Isabella and Beatrice d'Este's most interesting letters have already been given to the world. The State archives of Milan and Mantua are the principal sources from which the information contained in the present volume is drawn, and a list of the other authorities which have been consulted is given below.
Italian.
Archivio di Stato di Milano, Beatrice d'Este, Potenze estere, etc.
Archivio Gonzaga Mantova, Copia lettera d'Isabella d'Este, etc.
A. Luzio and R. Renier, Delle Relazioni di Isabella d'Este Gonzaga con Ludovico and Beatrice Sforza. Archivio Storico lombardo, xvii.
T. Chalcus, Residua. Milano, 1644.
Archivio Storico Italiano, serie i. vol. iii.; Cronache Milanesi di G. A. Prato, G. P. Cagnola, G. M. Burigozzo, etc.; Serie iii. vol. xii., Serie v. vol. vi., Serie vii. vol. i.
L. A. Muratori, Italicarum Rerum Scriptores, vol. xxiv.
F. Muralti, Annalia.
Paolo Giovio, Storia di suoi Tempi.
Marino Sanuto, Diarii, De Bello Gallico, etc.
Bernardino Corio, Historie Milanese.
Rosmini, Storia di Milano.
Fr. Guicciardini, Storia a'Italia. Rendered into English by G. Fenton. 1618.
F. Frizzi, Storia di Ferrara, vols. iv. and v.
P. Verri, Storia di Milano.
Baldassare Castiglione, Lettere. Edizione Serassi.
R. Renier, Sonetti di Pistoia.
Giornale Storico di Letteratura Italiano, vols. v. and vi.
Archivio Storico dell' Arte, vols. i. and ii.
Renier, Canzoniere di Niccolo da Correggio.
A. Campo Ghisolfo, Storia delle Duchesse di Milano. 1542. Rivista Storica Mantovana.
Carlo Magenta, I Visconti e Sforza nel Castello di Pavia.
F. Calvi, Bianca Maria Sforza Visconti, Regina dei Romani, Imperatrice di Germania.
Marchese d'Adda, Indagini sulla Liberia Visconti Sforzesca del Castello di Pavia.
Malipiero, Annali Veneti.
Romanini, Storia di Venezia, vols. v. and vi.
Imhoff, Historia Genealogica Italiæ.
G. Uzielli, Ricerche intorno a Leonardo da Vinci.
G. Uzielli, Leonardo da Vinci e Tre Gentil donne Milanesi.
G. d'Adda, Lodovico Maria Sforza.
L. Beltrami, Il Castello di Milano, sotto il dominio degli Sforza. 1450-1535.
L. Beltrami, Bramante poeta.
Padre Pino, Storia genuina del Cenacolo. 1796.
B. Bellincioni, Le Rime annotate da P. Fanfani. Bologna.
G. Tiraboschi, Storia della Letteratura Italiana, vols. vi. and vii.
P. Molmenti, La Vita Privata di Venezia.
A. Rusconi, Lodovico il Moro a Novara.
F. Gabotto, Girolamo Tuttavilla.
G. L. Calvi, Notizie dei principali Professori di Belle Arti che fiorivano in Milano.
G. Mongeri, L'Arte in Milano.
C. Amoretti, Memorie Storiche sulla vita gli studi e le opere di Leonardo da Vinci.
Brigola, Annali della Fabbrica del Duomo di Milano.
Carlo dell'Acqua, Lorenza Gusnasco di Pavia.
P. Pasolini, Caterina Sforza.
French.
Manuscrits Italiens, Affaires d'état. Bibliothèque Nationale.
Pasquier le Moine, MS. La Conquête du Duché de Milan. Bibliothèque Nationale.
Jean d'Auton, Chroniques de Louis XII. Edition publiée pour la Société de l'Histoire de France, par R. de Maulde La Claviere. 4 vols.
Philippe de Commines, Memoires. Nouvelle edition publiée par la Société de l'Histoire de France.
Vicomte Delaborde, L'Expédition de Charles VIII. en Italie.
M. Eugène Müntz, La Renaissance en Italie et en France à l'époque de Charles VIII.
M. Eugène Müntz, Musée du Capitole.
M. Eugène Müntz, Leonardo da Vinci.
C. de Cherrier, Histoire de Charles VIII, Roi de France, d'après des documents diplomatiques inédits.
Louis Pélissier, Louis XII. et Lodovico Sforza. Recherches dans les Archives Italiennes.
Louis Pélissier, Notes Italiennes.
Louis Pélissier, Les amies de Lodovico Sforza. (Revue historique.)
Edmond Gaultier, Étude historique sur Loches.
Paravicini, Architecture de la Renaissance en Italie.
Aldo Manuzio, Lettres et Documents. Armand Baschet.
Gazette des Beaux Arts, vol. xvi.
German.
Dr. Ludwig Pastor, Geschichte der Päpste, vols. v. and vi.
Jacob Burckhardt, Die Cultur der Renaissance in Italien.
Dr. W. Bode, Dr. Müller-Walde, Jahrbuch der K. Preuss. Kunstsammlungen. Vols. ix., x., and xviii.
K. Kindt, Die Katastrophe Lodovico Moro in Novara.
Dr. Müller-Walde, Leonardo da Vinci.
English.
History of the Papacy, by Dr. Creighton, Bishop of London. Vols. iv. and v.
The End of the Middle Ages, by