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قراءة كتاب Area Handbook for Romania
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LIST OF TABLES
| Table | Page | |
| 1 | Romania, Population Structure, by Age and Sex, 1971 Estimate | 40 |
| 2 | Use of Transportation Facilities in Romania, 1950, 1960, and 1969 | 45 |
| 3 | Principal Romanian Daily Newspapers, 1971 | 179 |
| 4 | National Income (Net Material Product) of Romania by Economic Sector, 1960, 1967, and 1970 | 232 |
| 5 | Gross National Product of Romania, by Sector of Origin, 1960 and 1967 | 233 |
| 6 | Foreign Trade of Romania, by Groups of Countries, 1960 and 1969 | 250 |
| 7 | Land Use in Romania, Selected Years, 1960-70 | 255 |
| 8 | Cultivated Acreage in Romania, by Major Crops, 1960 and 1969 | 256 |
| 9 | Agricultural Land in Romania, by Type of Ownership, 1969 | 258 |
| 10 | Production of Major Crops in Romania, Selected years, 1960-69 | 272 |
| 11 | Output of Livestock Products in Romania, Selected Years, 1960-69 | 272 |
| 12 | Crop Production and Livestrock Products in Romania, by Type of Farm, 1969 | 274 |
| 13 | Output of Selected Industrial Products in Romania, 1960 and 1969 | 288 |
SECTION I. SOCIAL
CHAPTER 1
GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE SOCIETY
The Romanian Communist Party (Partidul Comunist Roman—PCR) is the leading force in the political, economic, and social life of Romania. The party general secretary, Nicolae Ceausescu, in early 1972 celebrated his seventh anniversary in power, displaying complete confidence in the stability of his regime. Ceausescu serves concurrently as the president of his country, which is known officially as the Socialist Republic of Romania. Although tied militarily and economically to the Soviet Union through membership in the Warsaw Treaty Organization (Warsaw Pact) and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), Romania since the mid-1950s has pursued an independent course in both its internal development and its foreign relations.
In April 1964, in furtherance of its independent stance, the PCR Central Committee issued a statement concerning the rights of all communist parties and socialist states to choose their own methods of development according to "the concrete historic conditions prevailing in their own countries." This statement, which has been referred to as Romania's declaration of independence, was directed primarily to the leaders of the Soviet Union and, in effect, was a warning to them to cease their interference in the domestic and foreign affairs of Romania. It was a declaration of sovereign rights and self-determination by which the Romanian Communists asserted that they were the masters of their country's destiny rather than a puppet state to be manipulated by and for outside interests.
The reasons that the Soviet Union did not crack down on its former subservient satellite are both obscure and complex. One factor operating in favor of the Romanians was the rift that had developed between the two communist giants—the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. The rift had become very deep, and the Soviets were striving to gain adherents to their position in the struggle and probably were reluctant to use force against Romania because of the danger of alienating other communist parties. It is probable that dissension within the Moscow leadership, which shortly ended the career of Premier Nikita Khrushchev, also inhibited action against Romania.
In their drive to establish rights of autonomy and free choice for their country, Romania's leaders have not tried to withdraw from the