قراءة كتاب Subspeciation in the Meadow Mouse, Microtus pennsylvanicus, in Wyoming, Colorado, and Adjacent Areas

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Subspeciation in the Meadow Mouse, Microtus pennsylvanicus, in Wyoming, Colorado, and Adjacent Areas

Subspeciation in the Meadow Mouse, Microtus pennsylvanicus, in Wyoming, Colorado, and Adjacent Areas

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Loveland, 5200 ft., 18; 3 mi. N Loveland, 3; Loveland, 4 (USBS). Morgan Co.: 4 mi. W Orchard, 4 (Mich); Orchard, 1 (Mich). Boulder Co.: Boulder, 91 (USNM 19, UC 12, Chi 60 examined, additional specimens in the collection); Valmont, 4 (UC). Clear Creek Co.: Clear Creek, N side of Idaho Springs, 1. Jefferson Co.: Olivet, 10 (Denv). Adams Co.: Crook's Lake, 8 (Denv); Barr, 16 (Denv 15, ERW 1). Arapahoe Co.: Denver, 21 (USBS 3, AMNH 8, Denv 10). Park Co.: William's Ranch, near Tarryall, 11 (Denv). Teller Co.: Divide, 2 (ERW). El Paso Co.: Colorado Springs, 31 (ERW 22, AMNH 7, MVZ 2); 12 mi. S Colorado Springs, 3 (MVZ).

Microtus pennsylvanicus finitus new subspecies

Type.—Adult female, skin and skull, number 50204, University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History, obtained by J. K. Jones, Jr., original number 906, 5 miles north and 2 miles west of Parks in Dundy County, Nebraska, on August 16, 1952.

Range.—The valley of the north fork of the Republican River in eastern Colorado and southwestern Nebraska.

Diagnosis.—Entire animal and skull large; color dark for the species; zygomatic breadth large; upper molars large and upper molar tooth-row relatively long; braincase elongate; auditory meatus relatively small; bullae large; incisors relatively procumbent.

Comparisons.—From M. p. uligocola, the subspecies to the west, M. p. finitus differs in darker color. These subspecies resemble each other in large size and large molar teeth. A comparison of nine pairs of skulls by the "method of pairs" shows three features in which finitus (from at, or near, the type locality) differs from uligocola (from at, or near, the type locality); in 7 of 9 pairs finitus had a relatively more elongate braincase (Confidence Limit .60); in 9 of 9 pairs uligocola had larger auditory meatuses (C. L. .99); in 7 of 9 pairs uligocola had relatively larger bullae (C. L. .80). From M. p. pennsylvanicus (Ord) from eastern Nebraska and eastern South Dakota finitus differs in larger size; darker color; larger molar teeth and longer upper molar tooth-row. Five pairs of skulls were compared; in all 5 pairs, finitus had more procumbent incisor teeth (C. L. .97) and wider first upper molars (C. L. .97); and in 4 of 5 pairs finitus had a relatively more elongate braincase (C. L. .60). From M. p. insperatus, the subspecies to the north, finitus differs as follows: color darker, size larger, molar teeth relatively larger and alveolar length of the upper molar tooth-row greater. Five pairs of skulls were compared and in all 5 pairs finitus had more procumbent upper incisors (C. L. .97) than insperatus; in 4 of 5 pairs insperatus had a relatively more elongate braincase (C. L. .60), narrower first upper molariform tooth (C. L. .75), and shorter distance between the alveoli of the first upper molars (C. L. .88).

Remarks.—The species, Microtus pennsylvanicus, in Pleistocene time ranged onto the plains of Kansas as far southward as Meade County, Kansas (Hibbard, 1940:421). This occurrence indicates a cooler more humid climate then than now in southwestern Kansas. M. p. finitus is more closely associated with water than Microtus ochrogaster, the only other species of Microtus now occupying the same region, although both species have been captured at certain places in the same runways. In Nebraska, a marginal part of the range of the species, M. pennsylvanicus has been taken at scattered localities. This scattered and localized distribution of suitable habitat undoubtedly limits gene-flow between these relict populations. Presumably as a result of this isolation finitus has accumulated and maintained its distinctive characteristics. The subspecies is so named because of its limited range. The average weight of eight specimens (4 males and 4 non-pregnant females) from Dundy County is 57.2 grams.

Specimens examined.—Total 26. Colorado: Yuma Co.: Wray, 3 (USBS); 1 mi. W Laird, 2. Nebraska: Dundy Co.: 5 mi. N, 2 mi. W Parks (Rock Creek State Fish Hatchery), 19; Haigler, 2 (USBS).

Microtus pennsylvanicus pullatus new subspecies

Type.—Adult male, skin and skull, number 37873, University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History, obtained by Rollin H. Baker, original number 1343, 12 miles north and 2 miles east of Sage, 6100 ft., in Lincoln County, Wyoming, on July 19, 1950.

Range.—North-central Utah, eastern Idaho, western Wyoming, and southwestern Montana. See Figures 1 and 2.

Diagnosis.—Size average; color dark, especially in southern part of range; tail relatively long; molar teeth small; nasals relatively broad; maxillary septum relatively small.

Comparisons.—From M. p. uligocola, the subspecies to the southeast, M. p. pullatus differs as follows: relatively darker in southern part of its range (see Figure 1); smaller, tail relatively longer. In 6 of 7 pairs of skulls compared of pullatus (from Lincoln Co., Wyoming) and uligocola (from Larimer Co., Colorado), pullatus had relatively broader nasals (Confidence Limit .85); uligocola had larger maxillary septa (C. L. .97) and larger molar teeth (C. L. .90). From insperatus, the subspecies to the east, pullatus differs as follows: both summer and winter pelage darker; tail longer both actually and relatively; upper molar tooth-row shorter. Ten pairs of skulls of specimens from near Afton, Wyoming, representing pullatus, and from northeastern Wyoming, representing insperatus, revealed no significant differences in the features observed by the "method of pairs". Although not compared in detail with the subspecies to the north, M. p. drummondi (Audubon and Bachman), examination of specimens from western Montana and the accounts of other authors indicate that topotypes of pullatus are darker, longer-tailed, slightly larger-skulled and perhaps longer over all.

Remarks.—In this subspecies there is a cline in color from dark in extreme southwestern Wyoming to pale in north-central Wyoming and Montana as the range of M. p. insperatus is approached. There is thus a broad zone of intergradation in color and the line separating the subspecies must be drawn somewhat arbitrarily. In Wyoming the most distinct break in this cline is in the Big Horn Basin and if a detailed study of the species were made in Montana the break would probably be found where the mountains meet the plains, roughly as shown in Figure 1. There is a similar cline in western Montana in color. The mice are paler farther north as one approaches the Canadian border although they do not become so pale as insperatus. Darkness is a characteristic of several non-adjacent subspecies of Microtus pennsylvanicus, for example M. p. kincaidi Dalquest in central Washington (Dalquest, 1948:347), M. p. finitus, and M. p. nigrans Rhoads in eastern Virginia, but these subspecies presumably differ in other characters.

Some morphological features of the same kind and degree that differentiate subspecies in one place may not vary geographically in another place. Furthermore the geographic variation in one feature may be only partly correlated with the variation in another feature. The variation in M. p. pullatus is an example: Specimens from near Pocatello, Idaho, are darker than topotypes of modestus but specimens from Fremont County, Idaho, are indistinguishable from

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