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Simon Newcomb, Ph.D., LL.D. NORMATIVE SCIENCE The Sciences of the Ideal 151 By Prof. Josiah Royce, Ph.D., LL.D. Philosophy. Philosophy: Its Fundamental Conceptions and its Methods 173 By Prof. George Holmes Howison, LL.D. The Development of Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century 194 By Prof. George Trumbull Ladd, D.D., LL.D. Metaphysics. The Relations Between Metaphysics and the Other Sciences 227 By Prof. Alfred Edward Taylor, M.A. The Present Problems of Metaphysics 246 By Prof. Alexander Thomas Ormond, Ph.D., Ll.D. Philosophy of Religion. The Relation of the Philosophy of Religion to the Other Sciences 263 By Prof. Otto Pfleiderer, D.D. Main Problems of the Philosophy of Religion: Psychology and Theory Of Knowledge in the Science of Religion 275 By Prof. Ernst Troeltsch, D.D. Some Roots and Factors of Religion 289 By Prof. Alexander T. Ormond. Logic. The Relations of Logic to Other Disciplines 296 By Prof. William Alexander Hammond, Ph.D. The Field of Logic 313 By Prof. Frederick J. E. Woodbridge, LL.D. Methodology of Science. On the Theory of Science 333 By Prof. Wilhelm Ostwald, LL.D. The Content and Validity of the Causal Law 353 By Prof. Benno Erdmann, Ph.D.

THE HISTORY OF THE CONGRESS

BY HOWARD J. ROGERS A.M., LL.D.

The forces which bring to a common point the thousandfold energies of a universal exposition can best promote an international congress of ideas. Under national patronage and under the spur of international competition the best products and the latest inventions of man in science, in literature, and in art are grouped together in orderly classification. Whether the motive underlying the exhibits be the promotion of commerce and trade, or whether it be individual ambition, or whether it be national pride and loyalty, the resultant is the same. The space within the boundaries of the exposition is a forum of the nations where equal rights are guaranteed to every representative from any quarter of the globe, and where the sovereignty of each nation is recognized whenever its flag floats over a national pavilion or an exhibit area. The productive genius of every governed people contends in peaceful rivalry for world recognition, and the exposition becomes an international clearing-house for practical ideas.

For the demonstration of the value of these products men thoroughly skilled in their development and use are sent by the various exhibitors. The exposition by the logic of its creation thus gathers to itself the expert representatives of every art and industry. For at least two months in the exposition period there are present the members of the international jury of awards, selected specially by the different governments for their thorough knowledge, theoretical and practical, of the departments to which they are assigned, and selected further for their ability to impress upon others the correctness of their views. The renown of a universal exposition brings, as