125. Notation of the Gait of the Trot in a Horse (after Professor Marey) 294 126. The Trot: Right Diagonal Pressure 295 127. The Trot: Time of Suspension 295 128. Notation of the Pace of Stepping in the Horse (after Professor Marey) 296 129. The Step: Right Lateral Pressure 297 130. The Step: Right Diagonal Pressure 297 131. The Gallop: First Period 298 132. The Gallop: Second Period 298 133. The Gallop: Third Period 299 134. The Gallop: Time of Suspension 299 135. Notation of the Gallop divided into Three Periods of Time (after Professor Marey) 300 136. Notation of the Gallop of Four Periods in the Horse (after Professor Marey) 300 137. Leap of the Hare (after G. Colin) 301 138. The Leap 302 139. The Leap 302 140. The Leap 303 141. The Leap 303 142. The Leap 305 143. The Leap 305

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THE ARTISTIC ANATOMY OF ANIMALS

INTRODUCTION

GENERALITIES OF COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

Of the animals by which we are surrounded, there are some which, occupying a place in our lives by reason of their natural endowments, are frequently represented in the works of artists—either as accompanying man in his work or in his amusements, or as intended to occupy the whole interest of the composition.

The necessity of knowing, from an artistic point of view, the structure of the human body makes clear the importance we attach, from the same point of view, to the study of the anatomy of animals—that is, the study of comparative anatomy. The name employed to designate this branch of anatomy shows that the object of this science is the study of the relative position and form which each region presents in all organized beings, taking for comparison the corresponding regions in man. The head in animals compared with the human head; the trunk and limbs compared to the trunk and limbs of the human being—this is the analysis we undertake, and the plan of the subject we are about to commence.

Our intention being, as we have just said, the comparison of the structure of animals with that of man, should we describe the anatomy of the human being in the pages which follow? We do not think so. Plastic human anatomy having been previously studied in special works,[2] we take it for granted that these have been studied before undertaking the subject of comparative anatomy. We will therefore not occupy time with the elementary facts relative to the skeleton and the superficial layer of muscles. We will not dilate on the division of the bones into long, short, large, single, paired, etc. All these preliminary elements we shall suppose to have been already