class="tdl">Invasion of England by the Scots

1640 Treaty of Ripon, begun 1st October 1640    "     "    "  ended 7th August 1641 Battle of Tippermuir, September 1644 Charles comes to the Scots Camp, 5th May 1645 Battle of Philiphaugh, September 1645 The Scots give up Charles, 8th January 1647 The Surrender at Uttoxeter, 25th August 1648 "Whiggamore's Raid" 1648 Charles I. beheaded, 30th January 1649 Charles II. proclaimed 1649 Rising and beheading of Montrose 1650 Charles II. arrives in Scotland 1650 Battle of Dunbar, 3rd September 1650 Battle of Worcester, 3rd September 1651 Legislative Union with England 1654 Restoration of Charles II. 1660 Act "Rescissory" passed 1661 Episcopacy re-established 1661 The "Ejection" 1662 The Westland Rising 1666 The Indulgence, June 1669 Murder of Sharp, May 1679 Fight at Drumclog, May 1679 Fight at Bothwell Bridge, June 1679 Sanquhar Declaration, June 1680 Test Act passed 1681 James VII. 1685 Argyle's Rising 1685 Full Indulgence 1688 James VII. deposed 1688 William and Mary proclaimed 1689 Battle of Killiecrankie, 27th July 1689 Episcopacy abolished 1690 Massacre of Glencoe, 13th February 1691 Charter granted to the Darien Company 1695 Education Act passed 1696 Anne 1701 The Union of the Parliaments 1707
After the Union.
George I. 1714 Jacobite Rising 1715 Malt-tax Riots 1724 Porteous Riot 1736 Jacobite Rising 1745 Battle of Preston-pans, 20th September 1745 Battle of Culloden, 16th April 1746 Highland Society founded 1784 First Steamboat tried 1788 Penal laws against Romanists repealed 1793 Colliers and Salters freed 1799 Reform Bill passed 1832 The Disruption 1843

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HISTORY OF SCOTLAND.

CHAPTER I.

THE GAELIC PERIOD.

The country (1)—the people (2)—Roman occupation (3)—English invasion (4)—the Scots (5)—introduction of Christianity (6)—conversion of the Picts (7)—conversion of the English (8)—English conquests (9)—union of Picts and Scots (10)—the Northmen (11)—the Commendation (12)—annexation of Strathclyde (13)—acquisition of Lothian (14)—Cnut's invasion (15)—Macbeth (16)—English immigration (17)—William's invasion (18)—Margaret's reforms (19)—disputed succession (20)—Gaelic period ends (21)—summary (22).

1. The Country.—The northern part of Great Britain is now called Scotland, but it was not called so till the Scots, a Celtic people, came over from Ireland and gave their name to it. The Romans who first mention it in history speak of it as Caledonia. There are two points in which the history of this country and of the people who live in it is unlike the history of most of the other countries and nations of Europe. Firstly, it never was taken into the great Roman Empire; and secondly in it we find a Celtic people who, instead of disappearing before the Teutons, held their ground against them so well that in the end the Teutons were called by the name of the Celtic people, were ruled by the Celtic kings, and fought for the independence of the Celtic kingdom as fiercely as if they had themselves been of the Celtic race. But the whole of the country is not of the same nature. The northern part is so nearly cut off from the rest of Britain by the two great Firths of Forth and Clyde as to form almost a separate island, and this peninsula is again divided into Highlands and Lowlands. Speaking roughly, we may say that all the west is Highland and the east Lowland. A range of mountains sweeping in a semicircle from the Firth of Clyde to the mouth of the Dee, known as Drumalbyn or the Mount, may be taken as the line of separation, though the Lowlands extend still further north along the eastern coast. The marked differences between these two districts have had a very decided influence on the character of the inhabitants, and consequently on the national development. The Lowlands are well watered and fertile, and the people who lived there were peaceable and industrious, and both on the seaboard and inland there is early notice of the existence of populous and thriving towns. The Highlands, on the contrary, are made up of lakes, moors, and barren hills, whose rocky summits are well-nigh inaccessible, and whose heath-clad sides are of little use even as pasture. Even in the glens between the mountains, where alone any arable land is to be found, the crops are poor, the harvest late and uncertain, and vegetation of any kind very scanty. The western coast is cut up into numberless islets, and the coast-line is constantly broken by steep jagged promontories jutting out seaward, or cut by long lochs, up which the sea runs far into the land