class="indent">XV. Subjugation of the Cossaeans.—Embassies from Distant Nations

XVI. Exploration of the Caspian.—The Chaldaean Soothsayers

XVII. The Advice of the Chaldees rejected

XVIII. Predictions of Alexander’s Death

XIX. Embassies from Greece.—Fleet prepared for Invading Arabia

XX. Description of Arabia.—Voyage of Nearchus

XXI. Description of the Euphrates and the Pallacopas

XXII. An Omen of Alexander’s Approaching Death

XXIII. The Army Recruited from the Persians.—Hephaestion’s Memory Honoured

XXIV. Another Omen of Alexander’s Death

XXV. Alexander Seized with Fever

XXVI. Alexander’s Death

XXVII. Rumour that Alexander was Poisoned

XXVIII. Character of Alexander

XXIX. Apology for Alexander’s Errors

XXX. Eulogy of Alexander

Index of Proper Names

ERRATA.

LIFE AND WRITINGS OF ARRIAN.

All we know of Arrian is derived from the notice of him in the Bibliotheca of Photius, who was Patriarch of Constantinople in the ninth century, and from a few incidental references in his own writings. We learn from Suidas that Dion Cassius wrote a biography of Arrian; but this work is not extant. Flavius Arrianus was born near the end of the first century of the Christian era, at Nicomedia, the capital of Bithynia. He became a pupil of the famous Stoic philosopher Epictetus, and afterwards went to Athens, where he received the surname of the “younger Xenophon,” from the fact that he occupied the same relation to Epictetus as Xenophon did to Socrates.1 Not only was he called Xenophon by others, but he calls himself so in Cynegeticus (v. 6); and in Periplus (xii. 5; xxv. 1), he distinguishes Xenophon by the addition the elder. Lucian (Alexander, 56) calls Arrian simply Xenophon. During the stay of the emperor Hadrian at Athens, A.D. 126, Arrian gained his friendship. He accompanied his patron to Rome, where he received the Roman citizenship. In consequence of this, he assumed the name of Flavius.2 In the same way the Jewish historian, Josephus, had been allowed by Vespasian and Titus to bear the imperial name Flavius.