winding?

Ans. One in which the ends of the coils come back to adjacent segments of the commutator; the coils of such a winding lap over each other.

Ques. What is a wave winding?

Ans. One in which the coil ends diverge and go to segments widely separated, the winding to a certain extent resembling a wave.

Fig. 257.—Development of ring winding of four pole machine shown in fig. 254. The dead wire or inactive inductors on the inside of the ring are shown in dotted lines, the full lines representing the active portion of the winding.

Angular Pitch or Spread of Drum Coils.—Before taking up the winding as a whole, the form of the individual coil should be considered. Fig. 260 shows an end view of one coil in position on a drum armature of a multipolar machine. The two slots X and Y contain the sides of the coil and the distance between them on the surface of the drum is called the angular pitch or spread of the coil. Theoretically this is equal to the pitch of the poles, represented by the angle M, which is the angle between the pole centres.

Figs. 258 and 259.—Wooden armature core and winding table for practice in armature winding. By using strings of different colors to represent the various coils, the path of each coil is easily traced when the winding is completed, as in fig. 263.

For instance, on a four pole machine the pitch would be 90°, on a six pole machine, 60°, etc. Usually the angular pitch of the coil is made just a little less than the pole pitch of the machine, in order to shorten the end connections of the coils from slot to slot. However, if the angular pitch be made too small trouble will be encountered in commutation.

In addition to the angular pitch there is the commutator pitch which relates to the distance around the commutator bridged by the ends of the coil. Thus, if the commutator segments were numbered consecutively 1, 2, 3, etc., and the commutator pitch say is 10, it would signify that one end of the coil was connected to segment 1 and the other end to segment 11; the ends of the next coil in order then would be connected to segments 2 and 12, in each case there would be ten segments between the two segments connecting with the coil ends.

Fig. 260.—End view of drum armature of a multipolar machine showing one coil in position to illustrate the angular pitch or spread of drum coils.

Parallel or Lap Drum Winding.—In order to avoid much of the difficulty usually experienced by students of drum winding, the beginner should construct for himself a wooden armature core upon which he can wind strings of various colors, or wires with distinctive insulation, to represent the numerous coils that are used on real armatures. A few windings attempted in this way will make clear many points that cannot be so easily grasped from a written description.

The type of drum core best adapted for this work is the slotted variety as shown in fig. 258, as it will facilitate the winding. The core as shown in the illustration has twelve slots and six commutator segments, the number of each required for the example of lap winding indicated in the winding table fig. 259.

In making the wooden core, the slots may be formed by nailing a series of thin strips around a cylindrical piece of wood, thus avoiding the trouble of cutting grooves. In the illustrations the commutator segments are shortened (leaving no room for brushes) in order to show the connections as clearly as possible.

Fig. 261.—Developed view of a typical lap winding. From the figure it is seen that at the back of the armature each inductor is united to one five places further on, that is, 1 to 6, 3 to 8, etc., and at the front end of the winding, after having made one "element," as for example d-7-12-e, then forms a second element e-9-14-f which "laps" over the first, and so on all around until the winding returns on itself.

Ques. Describe the simple lap winding fig. 259.

Ans. As given in the table, it consists of six loops of wire presenting twelve inductors on the cylindrical surface of the core or drum. In the table, six wires are shown, having distinctive and varied insulation so as to readily distinguish the different coils. Opposite these are letters and figures designating the path and connections of each coil.

Ques. What is the path of the first coil?

Ans. According to the table it is:

A — 1 — 6 — B

that is, one end of the wire is connected to commutator segment A (fig. 262) and then wound to the back of the drum through slot 1, across the back of the drum to slot 6, returning through this slot, and then connected with commutator segment B.

Fig. 262.—Skeleton view of wooden armature core showing in position the first two coils of the winding indicated in the table fig. 259.

Ques. Describe the path of the second coil.

Ans. The second coil, having the block insulation, is wound according to the table, in the order:

B — 3 — 8 — C

that is, beginning at segment B, thence to back of drum through slot 3, across the back to slot 8, returning through this slot and ending at segment C.

The completed winding of the first two coils are shown in