CELEBRATED TRAVELS AND TRAVELLERS.

THE GREAT NAVIGATORS

EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.

CELEBRATED TRAVELS AND TRAVELLERS.

THE GREAT NAVIGATORS

EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.

BY JULES VERNE.

PUBLISHERS' NOTE.

This volume forms the second of three volumes under the general title of CELEBRATED TRAVELS AND TRAVELLERS. The first volume, already published, is entitled THE EXPLORATION OF THE WORLD, and covers a period in the World's History extending from B.C. 505, to the close of the xviith century. The present volume extends over the xviiith century, and the third volume will give an account of the GREAT EXPLORERS AND TRAVELLERS OF THE XIXTH CENTURY.

LIST OF WORKS CONSULTED.

ANSON (Geo., Lord). "Voyage round the World in 1740-44."

BARROW (Sir John). "Travels into the Interior of Southern Africa." London, 1806.

BOUGAINVILLE (Com. de). "Voyage round the World, 1766-69." Paris, 1771.

BRUCE (James). "Travels in Abyssinia between 1768-73." Edin., 1813.

COOK (Captain James). "Second Voyage to the South Pole and Round the World, 1772-75." London, 1777.

COOK and KING (Captain James). "Third Voyage to the Pacific Ocean, 1776-80." London, 1784.

GROSIER (L'Abbé). "China, General Description of the Empire." Paris, 1735.

HAWKESWORTH (Dr. J.). "Account of the Voyages of Discovery in the Southern Hemisphere by Commodore Byron, and Captains Wallis, Carteret, and Cook." London, 1773.

KENNEDY. "New Zealand." London, 1873.

LABILLARDIÈRE (T.). "Voyage in Search of La Pérouse, 1791-93." Paris, 1801.

MASON. "Costumes of China." London, 1800.

PARK (Mungo). "Travels in Africa." London, 1815-16.

PARKINSON (S.). "Voyage to the South Seas." London, 1784.

PÉRON (F.) and FREYCINET (Louis d'). "Voyage to Australasia, 1800-4." Paris, 1808.

PÉROUSE (J. Fr. G. de la). "Voyage round the World, 1785-88." Paris, 1798.

"TRANSACTIONS of the French Academy of Sciences," Vol. 7. Paris.

VAILLANT (Fr. le). "Travels in the Interior of Africa." Paris, 1790.

VANCOUVER (Capt. G.). "Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean, and round the World, from 1790-95." London, 1798.

THE

GREAT NAVIGATORS OF THE 18TH CENTURY.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS

REPRODUCED IN FAC-SIMILE FROM THE ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS,
GIVING THE SOURCES WHENCE THEY ARE DERIVED.

PART THE FIRST.

Hoisting the signals for triangulation

Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis

Selkirk falling over the precipice with his prey

"I plunged my pike into his breast"

Fight between the Centurion and a Spanish galleon

"The council chose the latter alternative"

"Most of them on horseback"

"One of them tore the carrion with his teeth"

"They made a thousand grimaces"

The natives waving palm-leaves as a sign of welcome

Head-dresses of natives of Otahiti

"Pursued by the arrows of the natives"

A struggle between the Swallow and a Malay prah

Portrait of Bougainville

"We made them

Lancers' Island

Pirogue of the Marquesas Islands

Mdlle. Barré's adventure

Captain James Cook

"They were pursued so closely"

Otahitian flute-player

A Fa-toka, New Zealand

Interior of a morai in Hawaii

Tatooed head of a New Zealander

An I-pah

A New Zealand family

"They were kangaroos"

Otahitian fleet off Oparee

"Three Indians emerged from the wood"

Among the icebergs

New Zealand war canoe

New Zealand utensils and weapons

"Who passed his days in being fed by his wives"

O-Too, King of Otaheite

Monuments in Easter Island

Natives of Easter Island

Natives of the Marquesas

"The natives had sufficient confidence"

"With the roof of considerable height"

View of Christmas Sound

Kerguelen Islands

Fête in Cook's honour at Tonga

Human sacrifice at Otahiti

Tree, from beneath which Cook observed the transit of Venus

Cook's reception by the natives

Prince William's Sound

"They gave him a little pig"

PART THE SECOND.

Pirogues of the Admiralty Islands

"Picking up the enemies' weapons"

"A lighted brand was also presented to them"

"The only one who had escaped"

"A man's skull was found"

Portrait of La Pérouse

Costumes of the inhabitants of Conception

Inhabitants of Easter Island

Typical natives of the Port des Français

Shipwreck of French boats outside the Port des Français

"An Indian with a stag's head

He traced the coast of Tartary

Typical Orotchys

Portrait of D'Entrecasteaux

"They came upon four natives"

Fête in honour of D'Entrecasteaux at the Friendly Islands

Typical native of New Holland

Natives of New Caledonia

View of the Island of Bouron

Native hut in Endracht Land

King of the Island of Timor

The Swan River

"A sail was seen on the horizon"

"The sick were carried on shore"

View of Sydney

Water-carrier at Timor

"He received a cordial welcome"

The Baobab

Portrait of Mungo Park

Natives of Senegal

A Hottentot

A Bosjeman

"Till Master Rees had given his verdict"

Portrait of James Bruce

"I found the monarch seated on his throne"

Chinese magic-lantern

The Emperor of China

The great wall of China

Chinese Prime Minister

"The famous bird Leutzé"

Port Monterey

Mackenzie's first view of the North Pacific Ocean

Portrait of Condamine

Celebrated Narrows of Manseriche

Omagua Indians

Portrait of Alex. de Humboldt

Gigantic vegetation on the banks of the Temi

MAPS.

Map of France, corrected by order of the King, in accordance with the instructions of the Members of the Academy of Sciences

Map of the Eastern Hemisphere

Straits of Magellan, after Bougainville

Polynesia

Map of Queen Charlotte Islands

New Zealand

Louisiade Archipelago

Map of the east coast of New Holland, after Cook

Captain Cook's chart of Otaheite

Itinerary of the principal voyagers during the 18th century, after Cook

Map of Surville's discoveries, after Fleurieu

Island discovered by M. Marion du Fresnes in 1772, called Prince Edward's Island by Cook in 1776

Map of the journey of La Pérouse, after the atlas published by General Millet-Mureau

Map of the coast of Asia, after the map of La Pérouse's voyage

Map of part of North Africa

Map of part of Western Africa

Map of the Empire of China

Map of North-West America

Map of the two Americas

Itinerary of Humboldt's route in equinoctial America

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

FIRST PART.

CHAPTER I.

Cassini, Picard, and La Hire—The Meridian line and the map of France—G. Delisle and D'Anville—The shape of the earth—Maupertuis in Lapland—Condamine at the Equator

Expedition of Wood Rogers—Adventures of Alexander Selkirk—Galapagos Island—Puerto Seguro—Return to England—Expedition of George Anson—Staten Island—Juan

CHAPTER II.

Roggewein—Scanty information respecting him—The uncertainty of his discoveries—Easter Island—The Pernicious Islands—Bauman Islands—New Britain—Arrival at Batavia—Byron—Stay at Rio Janeiro and Port Desire—Entrance into Magellan's Strait—Falkland Islands and Port Egmont—The Fuegians—Mas-a-fuero—Disappointment Islands—Danger Islands—Tinian—Return to Europe

Wallis and Carteret—Preparations for the Expedition—Difficult Navigation of the Strait of Magellan—Separation of the Dauphin and Swallow—Whitsunday Island—Queen Charlotte's Island—Cumberland and Henry Islands—Otaheite—Howe, Boscawen, and Keppel Islands—Wallis Islands—Batavia—The Cape—The Downs—Discovery of Pitcairn, Osnaburgh, and Gloucester Islands by Carteret—Santa Cruz Archipelago—Solomon Islands—St. George's Strait and New Ireland—Portland Island and the Admiralty Islands—Macassar and Batavia—Meeting with Bougainville in the Atlantic

Bougainville—Changes in the life of a Notary's son—Colonization of the Falkland Islands—Buenos Ayres and Rio Janiero—Cession of the Falkland Islands to Spain—Hydrographical Survey of the Straits of Magellan—The Pecherais—The Four Facardins—Otaheite—Incidents of stay there—Productions of the country and manners of the people—Samoan Islands—Tierra del Santo Espirito or the New Hebrides—The Louisiade—Anchorite Islands—New Guinea—Buotan—From Batavia to St. Malo

CHAPTER III.

The beginning of his maritime career—The command of the Adventure entrusted to him—Tierra del Fuego—Discovery of some islands in the Pomotou Archipelago—Arrival at Otaheite—Manners and Customs of the inhabitants—Discovery of other islands in the Society group—Arrival off New Zealand—Interview with the natives—Discovery of Cook's Strait—Circumnavigation of two large islands—Manners of the people and productions of the country

Survey of the Eastern Coast of Australia—Botany Bay—Wreck of the Endeavour—Crossing Torres Straits—Return to England

CHAPTER IV.

Search for the Unknown—Second stay in New Zealand—Pomotou Archipelago—Second Stay at Otaheite—Survey of Tonga Islands—Third stay in New Zealand—Second crossing of the Pacific—Survey of Easter Island—Visit to the Marquesas

Fresh visit to Otaheite and the Friendly Archipelago—Exploration of the New Hebrides—Discovery of New Caledonia and the Island of Pines—Stay in Queen Charlotte's Strait—South Georgia—Accident to the Adventure

CHAPTER V.

Search for lands discovered by the French—Stay in Van Diemen's land—Queen Charlotte's Strait—Palmerston Island—Grand fêtes at the Tonga Islands

Discovery of the Sandwich Islands—Exploration of the Western Coast of America—From thence to Behring Straits—Return to the Hawaian Archipelago—History of Rono—Cook's death—Return of the Expedition to England

SECOND PART.

CHAPTER I.

Discoveries by Bouvet de Lozier in the Southern Seas—Surville— Land of the Arsacides—Incident during the stay at Port Praslin—Arrival off the Coast of New Ireland—Surville's death—Marion's discoveries in the Antarctic Ocean—His massacre in New Zealand—Kerguelen in Iceland and the Arctic Regions—The Contest of the Watches—Fleurien and Verdun de la Crenne

Expedition under command of La Perouse—St. Catherine's Island—Conception Island—Sandwich Islands—Survey of the American Coast—Fort des Français—Loss of two boats—Monterey and the Indians of California—Stay at Macao—Cavite and Manilla—En route for China and Japan—Formosa—Quelpaert Island—The Coast of Tartary—Ternay Bay—The Tartars of Saghalien—The Orotchys—Straits of La Perouse—Ball at Kamtchatka—Navigator Archipelago—Massacre of M. de Langle and several of his companions—Botany Bay—Cessation of news of the expedition—D'Entrecasteaux sent in search of La Perouse—False News—Strait of D'Entrecasteaux—The Coast of New Caledonia—Land of the Arsacides—Natives of Bouka—Stay at Port Carteret—Admiralty Islands—Stay at Amboine—Lewin Land—Nuyts Land—Stay in Tasmania—Fête in the Friendly Islands—Details of La Perouse's visit to Tonga Tabou—Stay at Balado—Traces of La

Voyage by Captain Marchand—The Marquesas—Discovery of Nouka-Hiva—Manners and Customs of the people—Revolution Islands—The American Coast and Tchinkitané Port—Cox's Straits—Stay in the Sandwich Islands—Macao—Deception—Return to France—Discoveries by Bass and Flinders upon the Australian coast—Expedition under Captain Baudin—Endracht and De Witt Lands—Stay at Timor—Survey of Van Diemen's land—Separation of the Géographe and Naturaliste—Stay at Port Jackson—The Convicts—Pastoral riches of New South Wales—Return of the Naturaliste to France—Cruises by the Géographe and Casuarina to Nuyts, Edels, Endracht and De Witt Lands—Second Stay at Timor—Return to France

CHAPTER II.

Shaw in Algeria and Tunis—Hornemann in the Fezzan—Adanson in Senegal—Houghton in Senegambia—Mungo Park and his two journeys to the Djoliba or Niger—Sego and Timbuctoo—Sparmann and Le Vaillant at the Cape, at Natal, and in the interior—Lacerda at Mozambique and Cazembé—Bruce in Abyssinia—The Sources of the Blue Nile—Tzana Lake—Browne's Voyage in Darfur

CHAPTER III.

Tartary according to Witzen—China according to the Jesuits and Du Halde—Macartney in China—Stay at Chu-Sang—Arrival in Nankin—Negotiations—Reception of the Embassy by the Emperor—Fêtes and ceremonies at Zhé Hol—Return to Pekin, and Europe—Volney—Choiseul Gouffier—Le Chevalier in the Troade—Olivier in Persia—A semi-Asiatic country—Russia according to Pallas

CHAPTER IV.