short.

ROVING.

9. Too much twist in roving makes bad yarn, and spoils the top rolls on spinning frames. The square root of the number is about the twist for roving. It gives the Carder a chance to keep up with the spinning, and gives the Spinner a chance to make a better quality of yarn. If there is too much twist in the roving, you cannot draw it on spinning frames without spreading the rolls; but then it will spoil the top rolls. Keep your numbers even if you can. Size from every fine speeder and average it every day, and examine the yarn every time you size, to see if it is good. By doing so it may save you considerable trouble.

TWO-ROVING.

10. In running two-roving together, always have them of the same hank, because if one is of one hank, and the other of another, there will be more twist in one than in the other, and will not make as good yarn, and will not draw as even as they would if they were of the same twist or hank. To know what the two hanks would be single; you must add the two hanks together, and divide that by four to get it single.

DOUBLE WORK.

11. The way to run double work on spinning frames. Have the white put in the top, if you have double creels; and colored work in the bottom. Piece the back roving in the top with the back roving in the bottom. Front in with front makes the yarn more even.

WASTE.

12. Waste must be run through the lapper all by itself, not mix it with the good cotton; and if one section of cards will run one lap a day and keep the waste up, you may run one; if it makes two laps put on two sections, (one lap on each section,) and the work or yarn will be more even.

UNEVEN WORK.

13. How to prove that uneven work is not made on spinning frames. See that your draught gears do not bind; if they do, you will have uneven yarn. Put in new rolls in front, middle and back. See that your frame runs up to right speed and roller belt is tight. See that the rings and travelers are good. See that stirrups and saddles are in place. Then if your yarn is uneven the trouble is in the carding room. Roving bobbins should be marked for each speeder; and the spinner run each separate on his frames. Then if you had bad work you could tell very quick which speeder it belonged to.

BUNCHES.

14. How bunches can be made on spinning frames. By piecing on roving and leaving the end to run through double. By piecing up ends and not twisting on smoothly. By wiping out the roving rack and the waste catching on the roving and running through the rolls. By wiping off thread-boards, waste catching on to the ends and spinning. By rolls not being kept clean and oiled. By spinners not being careful enough when they clean their rolls. By spinners brushing and cleaning their frames. By brushing down over head. By spinners not keeping their clearers clean. The carder should be just as particular about making his roving as the spinner is about making his yarn; then there will be good work all through. A dry front roll will make bunches on spinning frames, and will do the same on speeders. Sweepers should not blow their waste under the frames. Bunches can be made on spoolers by thread guides not being wide enough for the threads to pass through. A bunch will collect and stop the spool. Spooler tenders lift it over on to the spool.

COARSE THREADS.

15. How coarse threads are made. First, by coarse roving; second by spinners letting two roving run through the guide; third, by one end catching