colspan="2">Uncertainty as to Form of Punishment

220 Burning Alive Adopted in the Thirteenth Century 221 Evasion of Responsibility by the Church 223 The Temporal Authority Coerced to Persecute 224 Persecution of the Dead 230 Motives Impelling to Persecution 233 Cruelty of the Middle Ages 234 Exaggerated Detestation of Heresy 236 Influence of Asceticism 238 Conscientious Motives 239   CHAPTER VI.—The Mendicant Orders. Material for Reform within the Church 243 Foulques de Neuilly 244 Durán de Huesca anticipates Dominic and Francis 246 St. Dominic, his Career and Character 248      His Order founded in 1214.—Its Success 251 St. Francis of Assisi 256      His Order Founded.—Injunction of Poverty 257      He Realizes the Christian Ideal 260      Extravagant Laudation of Poverty 264 Influence of the Mendicant Orders 266 Emotional Character of the Age.—The Pastoureaux.—The Flagellants 268 The Mendicants Rendered Independent of the Prelates 273 Their Utility to the Papacy 274 Antagonism between them and the Secular Clergy 278 The Battle Fought out in the University of Paris 281 Victory of the Mendicants.—Unappeasable Hostility 289 Degeneracy of the Orders 294 Their Activity as Missionaries 297 Their Functions as Inquisitors 299 Inveterate Hostility between the Orders 302