F. Colonial Agriculture, Manufacturing, and Mining.

1. The land system:

a. Primogeniture, entails, and mortmain.

b. Spanish repartimientos and encomiendas; Portuguese capitanias and prazos.

2. Methods of acquiring real estate.

3. Attitude of home government toward colonial manufactures.

4. Stock raising; the Mesta; agricultural products introduced by the Spanish.

5. Mines and mining in South and North America.

Readings: Bourne, 282-301; Payne, History of America, Vol. I, 254-362; Shepherd, 38-49; Moses, South America on the Eve of Emancipation, 328-340; Keller, 221-225.

G. Trade System and Means of Transportation.

1. The Spanish trade regulations; mercantilism; the staple cities.

2. Trade routes; oceanic; inland.

3. Convoys and fleet system; taxes levied; concessions of 1620.

4. Depots and staple cities; fairs.

5. Means of transportation in colonial Spanish America.

6. The Consulado; guilds; cofradias.

7. Trade companies:

The Guipuzcoa company, 1728-1778.

8. The War of Spanish Succession; Treaty of Utrecht.

9. The Anglo-Spanish relations at Porto Bello.

10. Obstacles to success of system:

a. Smuggling.

b. Buccaneers, pirates, and public enemies.

11. Final changes in system, 1740, 1748, 1765, 1778; work of Charles III, Aranda, and Galvez.

12. Portuguese trade regulations.

Required Readings: Shepherd, 43-47; Bourne, 282-301; Morris, 260-277; Moses, Spanish Dependencies, Vol. II, 244-365; Cambridge Modern History, Vol. X, 254-257; Keller, 226-241; 244-249; Smith, 248-254; Priestley, Reforms of Jose de Galvez in New Spain (The Pacific Ocean in History); Mimms, Colbert's West India Policy; Koebel, British Exploits in South America, 47-98; Haring, The Buccaneers in the West Indies in the Seventeenth Century; Colmeiro, II, 401-463; Alberdi, Estudios Economicos, 100-101.

Additional Readings: Blackmar, Spanish Institutions in the Southwest; Stevens, Spanish Rule of Trade in the West Indies; Esquemeling, History of the Buccaneers; Rubalcava, Tratado Historico Politico y Legal del Commercio; Walton, Spanish Colonies, Vol. II, 153-181.

H. The Colonial Taxation System.

1. The sources of revenue.

2. Taxes: Alcabala; Armada and armadilla; media anata; royal ninths; Indian tribute; taxes on: salt; mineral products; tobacco.

3. Sale of offices.

Readings: Moses, South America on the Eve of Emancipation, 328-339.

I. Education and Thought.

1. The universities.

Institutions established at Lima, Mexico City, Bogota, Cordoba, Cuzco, Caracas, Santiago de Chile, Quito, etc.

2. The clergy and education.

3. Colonial literature:

a. Clerical influences.

b. Early tendencies and schools.

c. Writers: Zumarraga, Las Casas, Ercilla, Balbuena, Juana Ines de la Cruz, Espejo.

4. The press.

5. Transplantation of European civilization:

Language; customs; education; religion; political theories and institutions.

6. Cultural influence of colonies upon Spain and Europe.

Required Readings: Shepherd, 59-68; Moses, South America on the Eve of Emancipation, 143-166; Coester, The Literary History of Spanish America, 1-38.

Additional Readings: Humboldt, Personal Narrative of Travels; Ingenieros, La Revolucion, 29-78; Bunge, Nuestra America.

J. Political History.

1. Diplomatic relations of Spain and Portugal in 17th and 18th Centuries.

2. The Viceroyalties:

a. New Spain, 1534.

b. Peru, 1542.

c. New Granada, 1739.

d. La Plata, 1776.

3. Indian Wars and political insurrections.

4. The favored and the neglected colonies.

5. Colonial defence—military and naval.

Readings: Keller, 316-325; Watson, Spanish and Portuguese South America; Moses, The Spanish Dependencies in South America.

Chapter III. Settlement of Brazil and Portuguese Institutions.

1. The voyage of Cabral; Portuguese claims; Correia, Coelho, de Souza.

2. Early settlements; attitude of Portuguese toward Brazil; founding of cities.

3. Portuguese system of colonization in Brazil.

a. The captaincies.

b. The "desembargo do paco."

c. Theory and practice; frequent changes in the administrative service.

d. Comparison with Portuguese colonial system in the East Indies.

e. The church in colonial Brazil; the aldeias; work of Anchieta, Nobrega, Vieyra.

4. Treatment of the natives; intermarriage; regulations as to labor system.

5. Importation of negro slaves, 1502; slave trade; the Companhia do Grao Para; slave codes.

6. The Portuguese commercial system:

a. The "India House" and the "Guinea House."

b. Mercantilism and monopoly.

c. Participation of the English in the Portuguese trade.

d. Colonial products of Brazil.

7. Beginning of Westward Movement in Brazil.

a. Settlement of Sao Paulo.

b. Government of the frontier; the Paulistas; Mamelucos.

c. Discovery of Gold, 1693; diamonds, 1730.

8. Society and thought in Brazil.

9. Conflict with the French and Dutch.

10. Relations of Brazil and Portugal.

Required Readings: Denis, Brazil, 27-78; Morris, I, 214-220; Keller, 131-167; Watson, Vol. II, 1-26; Rio Branco, Esquisse de l'Histoire du Brésil, 105-152.

Additional Readings: De Lannoy and Van der Linden, 11-26; 172-181; 225-238; Merivale, Lectures, 47 et seq.; Pinheiro, Historia do Brazil; Southey, History of Brazil; Varnhagen, Historia Geral do Brazil, Vol. I.

Chapter IV. Geography and Resources of Hispanic America.

1. Geographic situation of South America.

2. Area of states in comparison with that of the United States and Europe.

3. Climate.

a. Seasons and temperature.

b. Rainfall.

4. Mountain ranges; rivers; water power.

5. Harbors.

6. Forests; commercial value of forest products.

7. Mineral deposits.

8. Animal life; introduction of animals and plants by Spanish.

9. Drugs and medicines.

10. Agricultural possibilities. Products in general: fruits; rubber; coffee; cacao; yerba; sugar; grasses; tobacco.

Required Readings: Shepherd, 107-121; Atlas America Latina; Koebel, The South Americans, 184-304; Bryce, South America, 37-483; books on individual countries listed in Chapter VIII; Keane,