tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">127

43. Mechanics 128 44. Kinetic Energy 132 45. Mass and Matter 136 46. Energetic Mechanics 138 47. The Mechanistic Theories 140 48. Complementary Branches of Mechanics 144 49. The Theory of Heat 147 50. The Second Fundamental Principle 150 51. Electricity and Magnetism 154 52. Light 156 53. Chemical Energy 159 PART IV The Biologic Sciences 163 54. Life 163 55. The Storehouse of Free Energy 168 56. The Soul 171 57. Feeling, Thinking, Acting 174 58. Society 179 59. Language and Intercourse 182 60. Civilization 184 Index 187

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INTRODUCTION

Natural science and natural philosophy are not two provinces mutually exclusive of each other. They belong together. They are like two roads leading to the same goal. This goal is the domination of nature by man, which the various natural sciences reach by collecting all the individual actual relations between the natural phenomena, placing them in juxtaposition, and seeking to discover their interdependence, upon the basis of which one phenomenon may be foretold from another with more or less certainty. Natural philosophy accompanies these specialized labors and generalizations with similar labors and generalizations, only of a more universal nature. For instance, while the science of electricity, as a branch of physics, deals with the relation of electrical phenomena to one another and to phenomena in other branches of physics, natural philosophy is not only concerned with the question of the mutual connection of all physical relations, but also endeavors to include in the sphere of its study chemical, biological, astronomical, in short, all the known phenomena. In other words, natural philosophy is the most general branch of natural science.

Here two questions are usually asked. First, how can we define the boundary line between natural philosophy and the special sciences, since, obviously, sharp lines of demarcation are out of the question? Secondly, how can we investigate and teach natural philosophy, when it is impossible for any one person to master all the sciences completely, and so obtain a bird's-eye view of the general relations between all the branches of knowledge? To the beginner especially, who must first learn the various sciences, it seems quite hopeless to devote himself to a study that presupposes a command of them.

Since a discussion of the two questions will afford an excellent preliminary survey of the work in hand, it will be well to consider them in detail. In the first place, the lack of complete and precise boundary lines is a general characteristic of all natural things, and science is a natural thing. If, for instance, we try to differentiate sharply between physics and chemistry, we are met with the same difficulty. So also in biology if we try to settle beyond the shadow of a doubt the line of separation between the animal and the vegetable kingdoms.

If, despite this well-known impossibility, we consider the division of natural things into classes and orders as by no means useless and do not discard it, but regard it as an important scientific work, this is practical proof that such classification preserves its essential