قراءة كتاب The Art of War in the Middle Ages A.D. 378-1515

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The Art of War in the Middle Ages A.D. 378-1515

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Oman Charles

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THE ART OF WAR
IN THE
MIDDLE AGES

Oxford
PRINTED BY HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY

THE ART OF WAR
IN THE
MIDDLE AGES
A.D. 378–1515

BY
C. W. C. OMAN, B.A.
FELLOW OF ALL SOULS COLLEGE

WITH MAPS AND PLANS

OXFORD
B. H. BLACKWELL, 50 BROAD STREET
LONDON
T. FISHER UNWIN, 26 PATERNOSTER SQUARE
1885

The Author desires to acknowledge much kind help received in the revision and correction of this Essay from the Rev. H. B. George, of New College, and Mr. F. York Powell, of Christ Church.

CONTENTS.

	PAGE
Introduction	1
CHAPTER I.
The Transition from Roman to Mediæval forms in War (A.D. 378–582).
Disappearance of the Legion.--Constantine’s reorganization.--The German tribes.--Battle of Adrianople.--Theodosius accepts its teaching.--Vegetius and the army at the end of the fourth century.--The Goths and the Huns.--Army of the Eastern Empire.--Cavalry all-important	3–14
CHAPTER II.
The Early Middle Ages (A.D. 476–1066).
Paucity of Data for the period.--The Franks in the sixth century.--Battle of Tours.--Armies of Charles the Great.--The Franks become horsemen.--The Northman and the Magyar.--Rise of Feudalism.--The Anglo-Saxons and their wars.--The Danes and the Fyrd.--Military importance of the Thegnhood.--The House-Carles.--Battle of Hastings.--Battle of Durazzo	15–27
CHAPTER III.
The Byzantines and their Enemies (A.D. 582–1071).
§ 1. Character of Byzantine Strategy.
Excellence of the Byzantine Army.--Scientific study of the art of war.--Leo’s ‘Tactica.’--Wars with the Frank.--With the Turk.--With the Slav.--With the Saracen.--Border warfare of Christendom and Islam.--Defence of the Anatolic Themes.--Cavalry as a defensive force.--Professional and unchivalrous character of Byzantine officers	28–38
§ 2. Arms, Organization, and Tactics of the Byzantines.
Reorganization of the Army of the Eastern Empire by Maurice.--Its composition.--Armament of the Horseman, A.D. 600–1000.--Armament of the Infantry.--Military Train and Engineers.--The Officers.--Cavalry tactics.--Leo’s ideal line of battle.--Military Machines and their importance	38–48
CHAPTER IV.
The Supremacy of Feudal Cavalry (A.D. 1066–1346).
Unscientific nature of feudal warfare.--Consequences of headlong charges.--Tactical arrangements.--Their primitive nature.--Non-existence of strategy.--Weakness of Infantry.--Attempts to introduce discipline.--Rise of Mercenaries.--Supreme importance of fortified places.--Ascendency of the defensive.--The Mediæval siege.--Improvement of the Arts of Attack and Defence of fortified places.--General character of Campaigns.--The Crusades	49–61
CHAPTER V.
The Swiss (A.D. 1315–1515).
§ 1. Their Character, Arms, and Organization.
The Swiss and the Ancient Romans.--Excellence of system more important than excellence of generals.--The column of pikemen.--The halberdier.--Rapidity of the movements of the Swiss.--Defensive armour.--Character of Swiss armies	public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@44308@[email protected]#Page_62" class="pginternal"

قراءة كتاب The Art of War in the Middle Ages A.D. 378-1515