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Chapter X Reflection 126 Chapter XI Refraction 137 Chapter XII Optical Instruments 147 Chapter XIII Optical Illusions 155 Chapter XIV Theater Buildings 163 Chapter XV Operating Room Equipment 176 Chapter XVI Current Control for Arc Lamps 190 Chapter XVII Management of Generators and Motors 213 Chapter XVIII Theater Wiring 218 Chapter XIX Portable Stage Equipment 311 Chapter XX Useful Facts and Formulas 353 Chapter XXI Glossary of Electrical, Mechanical and Optical Words, Terms and Phrases 358 Index 385

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MOTION PICTURE OPERATION
STAGE ELECTRICS AND
ILLUSIONS

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CHAPTER I.
THE ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT AND ELECTRICAL HAZARDS.

Two and Three-Wire Systems.

Two and Three-Wire Systems.—If the theater electrician will take the trouble to trace the circuits in the building to their supply, he will find them entering the building either as two-wire or three-wire circuits.

A two-wire circuit is diagrammatically shown in Figure 1. The circuit, coming from 1, enters the building, passes through the fuses 2, and through switch 3 to the lights. A two-wire system will ordinarily be found operating at 110 volts, the current varying according to the number of lights turned on. In the drawing, for instance, only one light is shown with the switch closed, the other three switches being open. The current in the circuit is equal to that which passes through the single lamp. If another switch be closed, another light will burn and the current will be increased, so that the more lights be turned on, the greater will be the current.

The three-wire system, Figure 2, is almost universally used where the supply is from the outside and where any considerable number of lights are connected. The chief advantage of the three-wire system lies in its economy of copper. The middle or neutral wire ordinarily does not carry current, but it is a necessity whenever the number of lights burning on the two sides of the system are not equal.

With the neutral wire omitted, we have a straight two-wire system using double the voltage of the ordinary two-wire system and always operating two 110-volt lamps in series. Two lamps would always have to be turned on at the same time and if one of them should burn out, the other would be extinguished also.

A system using double voltage requires only half the current and consequently but half the copper. In order to obviate the necessity of always using two lamps together and at the same time economizing in copper, the neutral wire is provided. As long as the same number of lamps are burning on each side of the neutral wire, the same current always passes through two lamps in series and there is no current in the neutral. Should, however, the group on one side be turned out, the other would still continue to burn; but the path of the current to the dynamo, or bank of transformers, would be through the neutral wire.

The system is thus seen to possess all the advantages of the ordinary two-wire system since each lamp can be