Lisbon—War between Portugal and Castile—The wickedness of the queen—The Treaty of Salvaterra—The Portuguese revolt under Dom John of Aviz—The defence of Lisbon—Dom John elected king—The victory of Aljubarrota—The Treaty of Windsor and alliance with John of Gaunt—Peace with Castile.

VI. Portugal during the Age of Exploration 115 The policy of John “the Great”—The alliance with England—His internal administration—The power of the feudal nobility—The capture of Ceuta—The king’s sons—The growth of Portuguese literature—The reign of Duarte or Edward—The expedition to Tangier—The “Constant Prince”—Dispute as to the regency—Dom Pedro regent—Overthrown at battle of Alfarrobeira—The reign of Affonso V. “the African”—His African expeditions—War with Castile—Defeated at Toro—His patronage of literature. VII. The Portuguese Explorers 140 Prince Henry “the Navigator” and his work—The importance of a direct route to India—The discovery of Madeira—The story of Robert Machin—The discovery of the Azores—Cape Bojador passed—The commencement of the African slave trade—The discovery of Guinea, and of Cape Verde—The voyage of Cadamosto—Death of Prince Henry—The equator crossed—Discovery of the Congo—The Cape of Good Hope reached and doubled. VIII. The Heroic Age of Portugal 158 John II. “the Perfect”—Overthrow of the power of the nobility—His foreign policy—Treaty of Tordesillas with Spain—Friendship with England—His encouragement of exploration—His court—Emmanuel “the Fortunate”—Expulsion of the Jews—His policy and marriages—The discoveries of the Portuguese—The seeds of decline—John III.—His policy—The abandonment of the ports in Morocco—Corruption at Court—Rapid depopulation of Portugal—The Inquisition and the Jesuits—Death John III. IX. The Portuguese in India and the Eastern Seas 185 Romantic interest of the story of the Portuguese in India—The voyage of Vasco da Gama—State of India, when he reached it—His return—The voyage of Cabral and the victory of Pacheco—The viceroyalties of Almeida and Alboquerque—The capture of Goa—Alboquerque establishes a factory at Malacca and attacks Aden—The policy of Alboquerque—The rule of his successors—Their policy and the nature of their government—The Christian missionaries—S. Francis Xavier—The viceroyalty of Castro—His victory at Diu—The successors of Castro—The settlements in South-east Africa—The Portuguese at Malacca and in the Spice Islands—Their communications with China and Japan—The career of Mendes Pinto—Extraordinary energy of the Portuguese in Asia. X. The Portuguese in Brazil 220 Importance of Brazil to Portugal—Cabral’s discovery of the country—Spain abandons its claims—The aboriginal inhabitants—Early days—The first settlers and their government—Emigration from Portugal—The viceroyalty of Thomas de Sousa—The Jesuits and their work—The government of Duarte da Costa—Failure of the French Huguenots to establish themselves in Brazil. XI. The last Kings of the House of Aviz—Dom Sebastian and the Cardinal Henry 236 The rapid decay of Portugal—The accession of Sebastian—The regency of Queen Catherine—The regency of the Cardinal Henry—The character of Sebastian—His crusading ardour—The Portuguese in India—Athaide’s defence of Goa—Sebastian determines to invade Morocco—His applications for foreign aid—His preparations—He lands in Africa—The defeat of Alcacer Quibir—The death of Sebastian—The reign of the Cardinal Henry. XII. Portuguese Literature—Camoens 259 The “Golden Age” of Portuguese literature—The revival of classical learning—History of the University of Coimbra—Gil Vicente—Bernardim Ribeiro—Sá de Miranda—Ferreira—Camoens—His life—His “Lusiads”—João de Barros—Other writers—Decline of Portuguese literature. XIII. The Sixty Years’ Captivity 278 The claimants to the Portuguese crown—Defeat of the Prior of Crato—Philip II. of Spain recognized as king of Portugal—Further efforts and death of the Prior of Crato—The false Dom Sebastians—The