government of Spain and its disastrous results—The reign of Philip II.—The Portuguese in Asia—The conquest of Kandy—The missionaries and the Inquisition—The Dutch and the English overthrow the Portuguese power in Asia—The Dutch in Brazil—Count Maurice of Nassau—Results of the rule of Spain.

XIV. The Revolution of 1640 300 Discontent of the Portuguese at the rule of the Spaniards—Fostered by Richelieu—The Duke and Duchess of Braganza—The Duchess of Mantua, and her advisers—Preparations for revolt—The leaders—The Revolution of December 1, 1640—The Duke of Braganza crowned as John IV.—He obtains help from Holland and France—The “Caminha” conspiracy—The victory of Montijo—Brazil expels the Dutch—War with Holland—The King despairs, and offers to abdicate—Treaty of alliance with France—Death of John IV. XV. The English Alliance 326 The Queen as Regent—Schomberg organizes the army—Victory of Elvas—Marriage of Charles II. of England to Catherine of Braganza—Affonso VI. declares himself of age—The Ministry of Castel Melhor—Victories of the Portuguese—Court revolution—Dom Pedro regent—Peace with Spain—The rule of Pedro II. as Regent and King—His foreign policy—Death of Charles II. of Spain—The Methuen treaty and its results—The war of the Spanish Succession—Death of Pedro II.—The decline of the Portuguese power in Asia—Prosperity of Brazil—Discovery of gold there. XVI. Portugal in the Eighteenth Century—The Marquis of Pombal 349 Portugal in the eighteenth century—Accession of John V.—End of the war of the Spanish Succession—Peace policy of the King—His long and prosperous reign—Accession of Joseph—Early career of Pombal—The earthquake of Lisbon—Pombal, prime minister—He attacks the Jesuits—The “Tavora” plot—Banishment of the Jesuits—Short war with Spain—Suppression of the Jesuits—Death of Joseph—The administration of Pombal—His great reforms—Accession of Pedro III. and Maria I.—Disgrace of Pombal—The reign of Pedro and Maria—Death of Pedro III.—The Portuguese in India in the eighteenth century—The prosperity of Brazil—Discovery of diamonds there—Literature in the eighteenth century. XVII. The Era of the French Revolution—The Peninsular War 382 The French Revolution—Persecution of sympathisers with it in Portugal—Dom John sends help to Spain in the war against France—Deserted by Spain at the Treaty of Basle—The Treaty of San Ildefonso—Alliance with England—Dom John declared Regent—The war of 1801—The Treaty of Badajoz—Policy of Napoleon against Portugal—Mission of Lannes—Treaty of Fontainebleau, 1807—Junot invades Portugal—The Regent escapes to Brazil—Junot’s rule—Forms the Portuguese Legion—General insurrection against him—The Portuguese appeal to England—Victory of Vimeiro and Convention of Cintra—Soult occupies Oporto—Expelled by Wellesley—Beresford reorganizes the Portuguese army—The Regency—Masséna before Torres Vedras—The Portuguese troops during the Peninsular War—Conclusion of the War—Death of Queen Maria Francisca. XVIII. Modern Portugal—Civil Wars and the Establishment of Parliamentary Government 409 John IV. his queen, and his sons Dom Pedro and Dom Miguel—Oporto and Lisbon revolt against the Regency—The Constitution of 1821—Brazil declares itself independent—The Constitution abrogated—Death of John VI.—The influence of the army—The Charter of 1826—Pedro IV. abdicates in favour of Maria II.—Dom Miguel, Regent—Elected King—Reign of Dom Miguel—The “Miguelite” war, 1830-34—Convention of Evora Monte—Reign of Maria da Gloria—Civil wars and “pronunciamentos”—Era of peaceful parliamentary government—Reigns of Pedro V. and Luis I.—Accession of Carlos I.—The Portuguese settlements in Africa—Material prosperity—The literary revival—Lessons taught by the history of Portugal—Conclusion. Index: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J,