class="x-ebookmaker-pageno" title="xiv"/>The Future of Brazil

420 CHAPTER XII THE RISE OF NEW NATIONS The Colonial Empire of Spain divided into Sixteen Republics or Nations 423 What is a Nation? 424 Process by which New Nations Arise 426 The Administrative Divisions of the Colonies the Basis of the Division into Republics 427 Influences which differentiate Nations 429 Geographical Position 429 Physical Environment: Climate 430 The Aborigines: Their Number and Character 432 The Struggle for Independence and the Civil Wars 434 Recent Economic Development: Immigration 437 Which of the Republics have become Nations? 438 Chile and Argentina: Mexico, Peru, Brazil 441 The Caribbean and Central American Republics 441 Does there exist a Common Sentiment of Spanish-American Nationality? 444 Will the Present Political Divisions be Maintained? 447 Prospects of International Peace in South America 448 CHAPTER XIII THE RELATIONS OF RACES IN SOUTH AMERICA Importance of the Aboriginal Element in Spanish-American Countries 454 How the Native Tribes came to Survive 455 Probable Present Numbers of the Indian Population 458 The Indians in Peru and Bolivia 460 Present State of these Indians, Social and Religious 460 Ulloa's Report on their Condition in the Eighteenth Century 463 Universal Illiteracy of the Indians: Their Civil and Political Status 465 Relations of Indians and Whites: No "Colour Line" in Latin America 470 How the Presence of the Aborigines has affected the Whites 475 The Negroes in Brazil 479 Three General Conclusions regarding the Native Indians of South America 480 It is not certain that they have injured the White Race by Intermixture 481 Demoralization of the Peruvian Indians by the Spanish Conquest, and Subsequent Oppression 481 Racial Repugnance not a Universal Phenomenon in the Relations