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24. How the Republic of Rome, After Centuries of Unrest and Revolution, Became an Empire 109 25. The Story of Joshua of Nazareth, Whom the Greeks Called Jesus 119 26. The Twilight of Rome 124 27. How Rome Became the Centre of the Christian World 131 28. Ahmed, the Camel Driver, Who Became the Prophet of the Arabian Desert, and Whose Followers Almost Conquered the Entire Known World for the Greater Glory of Allah, the “Only True God” 138 29. How Charlemagne, the King of the Franks, Came to Bear the Title of Emperor and Tried to Revive the Old Ideal of World-Empire 144 30. Why the People of the Tenth Century Prayed the Lord to Protect Them from the Fury of the Norsemen 150 31. How Central Europe, Attacked from Three Sides, Became an Armed Camp and Why Europe Would Have Perished Without Those Professional Soldiers and Administrators Who Were Part of the Feudal System 155 32. Chivalry 159 33. The Strange Double Loyalty of the People of the Middle Ages, and How It Led to Endless Quarrels Between the Popes and the Holy Roman Emperors 162 34. But All These Different Quarrels Were Forgotten When the Turks Took the Holy Land, Desecrated the Holy Places and Interfered Seriously with the Trade from East to West. Europe Went Crusading 168 35. Why the People of the Middle Ages Said That “City Air Is Free Air” 174 36. How the People of the Cities Asserted Their Right to Be Heard in the Royal Councils of Their Country 184 37. What the People of the Middle Ages Thought of the World in Which They Happened to Live 191 38. How the Crusades Once More Made the Mediterranean a Busy Centre of Trade and How the Cities of the Italian Peninsula Became the Great Distributing Centre for the Commerce with Asia and Africa 198 39. People Once More Dared to Be Happy Just Because They Were Alive. They Tried to Save the Remains of the Older and More Agreeable Civilisation of Rome and Greece and They Were so Proud of Their Achievements That They Spoke of a “Renaissance” or Re-birth of Civilisation 206 40. The People Began to Feel the Need of Giving Expression to Their Newly Discovered Joy of Living. They Expressed Their Happiness in Poetry and in Sculpture and in Architecture and Painting, and in the Books They Printed 219 41. But Now That People Had Broken Through the Bonds of Their Narrow Mediæval Limitations, They Had to Have More Room for Their Wanderings. The European World Had Grown Too Small for Their Ambitions. It was the Time of the Great Voyages of Discovery 224 42. Concerning Buddha and Confucius 241 43. The Progress of the Human Race is Best Compared to a Gigantic Pendulum Which Forever Swings Forward and Backward. The Religious Indifference and the Artistic and Literary Enthusiasm of the Renaissance Were Followed by the Artistic and Literary Indifference and the Religious Enthusiasm of the Reformation 251 44. The Age of the Great Religious Controversies 262 45. How the Struggle Between the “Divine Right of Kings” and the Less Divine but More Reasonable “Right of Parliament” Ended Disastrously for King Charles I 279