class="tdr">173

(β) The pessimist doctrine that life tends to misery, 175 (aa) The hypothesis of the unconscious, 176 (bb) The nature of volition, 177 (cc) The facts of human progress, 179 Individual progress, 179 Social progress, 181 4. The psychological analysis of pleasure and pain in relation to evolutionist ethics, 186 (a) The subjective nature of pleasure and pain, 187 (b) The conditions of pleasure and pain, 190 (c) Application of the theory of evolution, 197   CHAPTER VIII. THE EVOLUTIONIST END. Necessity of inquiring into the ethical end suggested by the theory of evolution, 201 1. Adaptation to environment, 203 (a) As the end for present conduct, 207 Opposed to progress, 207 Does not fully represent evolution, 209 (b) As describing the ultimate condition of life, 210 Resultant absolute code, 211 (α) Abstract principles of social relation, 212 (β) Personal end only defined as adaptation, 213 (γ) Cannot be shown to lead to happiness, 213 (c) Insufficiency of adaptation as evolutionist end, 217 2. End suggested by the tendency to variation, 221 (a) Prescribes self-development rather than self-preservation, 222 (b) Standard for measuring development found in complexity of act and motive, 227 (α) Antinomy between social and individual ends, 231 (β) Psychological defects, 232 3. Development or increase of life as the end, 236 (a) Subjective standard: most persistent impulses, 242 Cannot define life without an objective standard, 244 (b) Objective standard: defined in two ways, 247 (α) Conformity to the type,