قراءة كتاب History of the United Netherlands, 1586-89 — Complete
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History of the United Netherlands, 1586-89 — Complete
HISTORY OF THE UNITED NETHERLANDS
Volume II.
From the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Year's Truce—1609
By John Lothrop Motley
| Volume I. |
| IMAGES and QUOTES |
CONTENTS
CHAPTER IX. 1586
CHAPTER X. 1586
CHAPTER XI. 1586
CHAPTER XII. 1586
CHAPTER XIII. 1587
CHAPTER XIV. 1587
CHAPTER XV. 1587
CHAPTER XVI. 1587
CHAPTER XVII. 1587
CHAPTER XVIII. 1588, Part 1.
CHAPTER XVIII. 1588, Part 2.
CHAPTER XIX. 1588, Part 1.
CHAPTER XIX. 1588, Part 2.
CHAPTER XX. 1588-1589
CHAPTER IX. 1586
Cologne—Martin Schenk—His Career before serving the States—
Franeker University founded—Parma attempts Grave—Battle on the
Meuse—Success and Vainglory of Leicester—St. George's Day
triumphantly kept at Utrecht—Parma not so much appalled as it was
thought—He besieges and reduces Grave—And is Master of the Meuse—
Leicester's Rage at the Surrender of Grave—His Revenge—Parma on
the Rhine—He besieges aid assaults Neusz—Horrible Fate of the
Garrison and City—Which Leicester was unable to relieve—Asel
surprised by Maurice and Sidney—The Zeeland Regiment given to
Sidney—Condition of the Irish and English Troops—Leicester takes
the Field—He reduces Doesburg—He lays siege to Zutphen—Which
Parma prepares to relieve—The English intercept the Convoy—Battle
of Warnsfeld—Sir Philip Sidney wounded—Results of the Encounter—
Death of Sidney at Arnheim—Gallantry of Edward Stanley.
Five great rivers hold the Netherland territory in their coils. Three are but slightly separated—the Yssel, Waal, and ancient Rhine, while the Scheldt and, Meuse are spread more widely asunder. Along each of these streams were various fortified cities, the possession of which, in those days, when modern fortification was in its infancy, implied the control of the surrounding country. The lower part of all the rivers, where they mingled with the sea and became wide estuaries, belonged to the Republic, for the coasts and the ocean were in the hands of the Hollanders and English. Above, the various strong places were alternately in the hands of the Spaniards and of the patriots. Thus Antwerp, with the other Scheldt cities, had fallen into Parma's power, but Flushing, which controlled them all, was held by Philip Sidney for the Queen and States. On the Meuse, Maastricht and Roermond were Spanish, but Yenloo, Grave, Meghem, and other towns, held for the commonwealth. On the Waal, the town of Nymegen had, through the dexterity of Martin Schenk, been recently transferred to the royalists, while the rest of that river's course was true to the republic. The Rhine, strictly so called, from its entrance into Netherland, belonged to the rebels. Upon its elder branch, the Yssel, Zutphen was in Parma's hands, while, a little below, Deventer had been recently and adroitly saved by Leicester and Count Meurs from falling into the same dangerous grasp.
Thus the triple Rhine, after it had crossed the German frontier, belonged mainly, although not exclusively, to the States. But on the edge of the Batavian territory, the ancient river, just before dividing itself into its three branches, flowed through a debatable country which was even more desolate and forlorn, if possible, than the land of the obedient Provinces.
This unfortunate district was the archi-episcopal electorate of Cologne. The city of Cologne itself, Neusz, and Rheinberg, on the river, Werll and other places in Westphalia and the whole country around, were endangered, invaded, ravaged, and the inhabitants plundered, murdered, and subjected to every imaginable outrage, by rival bands of highwaymen, enlisted in the support of the two rival bishops—beggars, outcasts, but high-born and learned churchmen both—who disputed the electorate.
At the commencement of the year a portion of the bishopric was still in the control of the deposed Protestant elector Gebhard Truchsess, assisted of course by the English and the States. The city of Cologne was held by the Catholic elector, Ernest of Bavaria, bishop of Liege; but Neusz and Rheinberg were in the hands of the Dutch republic.
The military operations of the year were, accordingly, along the Meuse, where the main object of Parma was to wrest Grave From the Netherlands; along the Waal, where, on the other hand, the patriots wished to recover Nymegen; on the Yssel, where they desired to obtain the possession of Zutphen; and in the Cologne electorate, where the Spaniards meant, if possible, to transfer Neusz and Rheinberg from Truchsess to Elector Ernest. To clear the course of these streams, and especially to set free that debatable portion of the river-territory which hemmed him in from neutral Germany, and cut off the supplies from his starving troops, was the immediate design of Alexander Farnese.
Nothing could be more desolate than the