varies in different parts of the Empire, an attempt at uniformity would have involved the correction of quotations and the changing of forms that have the sanction of established usage as, for example, the alteration of Chefoo to Chi-fu or Tshi-fu. I have deemed it wise, as a rule, to omit the aspirate (e. g, Tai-shan instead of T'ai-shan) as unintelligible to one who does not speak Chinese. Few foreigners except missionaries can pronounce Chinese names correctly anyway. Besides, no matter what the system of spelling, the pronunciation differs, the Chinese themselves in various parts of the Empire pronouncing the name of the Imperial City Beh-ging, Bay-ging, Bai-ging and Bei-jing, while most foreigners pronounce it Pe-kin or Pi-king. I have followed the best obtainable advice in using the hyphen between the different parts of many proper names. For the rest I join the perplexed reader who devoutly hopes that the various commit- tees that are at work on the Romanization of the Chinese language may in time agree among themselves and evolve a system that a plain, wayfaring man can understand without provocation to wrath. 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City.

Preface to the Second Edition

THE author gratefully acknowledges the kindness with which his book has been received not only in this country but in England and China. In this edition he has corrected a number of errors that appeared in the first edition and has availed himself of later statistical information. He is under special obligations to the Rev. W. A. P. Martin, D. D., LL. D., of Wuchang, and the Rev. Arthur H. Smith, D. D. LL. D., of Pang-chwang, for valuable counsel. These distinguished authorities on China have been so kind as to study the book with painstaking care and to give the author the benefit of their suggestions. All these suggestions have been incorporated in this edition to the great improvement of its accuracy.

The result of the Russia-Japan War is noticeably accelerating the new movement in China. The Chinese have been as much startled and impressed by the Japanese victory as the rest of the world and they are more and more disposed to follow the path which the Japanese have so successfully marked out. The considerations presented in this book are therefore even more true to-day than when they were first published. The problem of the future is plainly the problem of China and no thoughtful person can afford to be indifferent to the vast transformation which is taking place as the result of the operation of the great formative forces of the modern world.

156 Fifth Avenue, New York City.

Contents

PART I

OLD CHINA AND ITS PEOPLE

I. THE ANCIENT EMPIRE . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 II. DO WE RIGHTLY VIEW THE CHINESE . . . . . . 25 III. ATTITUDE TOWARDS FOREIGNERS-CHARACTER AND ACHIEVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 IV. A TYPICAL PROVINCE . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 V. A SHENDZA IN SHANTUNG. . . . . . . . . . . 52 VI. AT THE GRAVE OF CONFUCIUS. . . . . . . . . 65 VII. SOME EXPERIENCES OF A TRAVELLER-FEASTS, INNS AND SOLDIERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

PART II

THE COMMERCIAL FORCE AND THE ECONOMIC REVOLUTION

VIII. WORLD CONDITIONS THAT ARE AFFECTING CHINA101 IX. THE ECONOMIC REVOLUTION IN ASIA. . . . . .111 X. FOREIGN TRADE AND FOREIGN VICES. . . . . .121 XI. THE BUILDING OF RAILWAYS . . . . . . . . .130

PART III

THE POLITICAL FORCE AND THE NATIONAL PROTEST

XII. THE AGGRESSIONS OF EUROPEAN POWERS . . . .145 XIII. THE UNITED STATES AND CHINA. . . . . . .154 XIV. DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS-TREATIES. . . . . . .165 XV. RENEWED AGGRESSIONS. . . . . . . . . . . .174 XVI. GROWING IRRITATION OF THE CHINESE—THE REFORM PARTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184 XVII. THE BOXER UPRISING . . . . . . . . . . .193

PART IV

THE MISSIONARY FORCE AND THE CHINESE CHURCH

XVIII. BEGINNINGS OF THE MISSIONARY ENTERPRISE—THE TAI-PING REBELLION AND THE LATER DEVELOPMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217 XIX. MISSIONARIES AND NATIVE LAWSUITS . . . . .228 XX. MISSIONARIES AND THEIR OWN GOVERNMENTS . .236 XXI. RESPONSIBILITY OF MISSIONARIES FOR THE BOXER UPRISING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249 XXII. THE CHINESE CHRISTIANS . . . . . . . . .268 XXIII. THE STRAIN OF READJUSTMENT TO CHANGED ECONOMIC CONDITIONS. . . . . . . . . . . .280 XXIV. COMITY AND COOPERATION . . . . . . . . .290

PART V

THE FUTURE OF CHINA AND OUR RELATION TO IT

XXV. IS THERE A YELLOW PERIL. . . . . . . . . .305 XXVI. FRESH REASON TO HATE THE FOREIGNER . . .320 XXVII. HOPEFUL SIGNS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333 XXVIII. THE PARAMOUNT DUTY OF CHRISTENDOM. . . . .351 INDEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371

List of Illustrations
                    Facing Page
Railway Station, Paoting-fu. . . . . . . . . .Title
View of Canton, Showing House Boats. . . . . . . . 22
H. I. H. Prince Su and Attendants. . . . . . . . . 32
A Rut in the Loess Region. . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Germans Building Railway Bridge in Shantung. . . . 56
A Shendza in Shantung. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Climbing Tai-shan, the Sacred Mountain . . . . . . 70
The Grave of Confucius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Part of the Author's Escort of Chinese Cavalrymen. 92
Watching the Author writing in his Diary at a noon stop
   A Snap Shot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
The Bund, Shanghai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
American Cigarette Posters on a Chinese Bridge . .112
The Chinese Cart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
The Old and The New. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
French Military Post, Saigon . . . . . . . . . . .150
German Soldiers on the Bund, Tien-tsin . . . . . .150
The British Legation Guard, Peking . . . . . . . .174
The Temple of Heaven, Peking . . . . . . . . . . .198
Memorial Arch, Hall of the Classics, Peking. . . .228
Graduating Class, Presbyterian Theological Seminary,
   Canton, 1904. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268
Approach to the Imperial Palace in the Forbidden City,
   Peking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320
Two of China's Great Men Yuan Shih Kai and Chang
   Chih-tung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344
Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370

PART I

Old China and its People

I

THE ANCIENT EMPIRE

HE must be dead to all noble thoughts who can tread the venerable continent of Asia without profound emotion. Beyond any other part of the earth, its soil teems with historic associations. Here was the birthplace of the human race. Here first appeared civilization. Here were born art and science, learning and philosophy. Here man first engaged in commerce and manufacture. And here emerged all the religious teachers who have most powerfully influenced mankind, for it was in Asia in an unknown antiquity that the Persian Zoroaster taught the dualism of good and evil; that the Indian Gautama 600 years before Christ declared that self-abnegation was the path to a dreamless Nirvana; that less than a century later the Chinese Lao-tse enunciated the mysteries of Taoism and Confucius uttered his maxims regarding the five earthly relations of man, to be followed within another century by the