Nations of the New World; A Chronicle of Our Southern Neighbors. (Yale Press.)

For literature:

Alfred Coester, The Literary History of Spanish America. (Macmillan.)

Isaac Goldberg, Studies in Spanish American Literature. (Brentano.)

For trade relations:

W. E. Aughinbaugh, Selling Latin America. (Small, Maynard & Company.)

E. B. Filsinger, Exporting to Latin America. (Appleton.)

A. H. Verrill, South and Central American Trade Conditions of Today. (Dodd, Mead & Company.)

For individual countries:

P. Denis, Brazil. (Scribners.)

P. J. Eder, Columbia. (Unwin or Scribners.)

G. F. S. Elliott, Chile. (Scribners.)

C. R. Enock, Mexico. (Scribners.)

W. A. Hirst, Argentina. (Scribners.)

W. H. Koebel, Argentina, Past and Present. (Dodd, Mead & Co.)

——, Paraguay. (Scribners.)

——, Uruguay. (Scribners.)

——, Central America. (Scribners.)

W. L. Scruggs, The Colombian and Venezuelan Republics. (Little, Brown & Co.)

M. R. Wright's Books on Bolivia; Brazil; Chile; and Peru. (Cazenove & Son.)

The monthly Bulletin and other publications of the Pan-American Union (Washington, D. C.), offer excellent and reliable information respecting all of these divisions, and are recommended.

Students wishing to make a more detailed study than this brief list would provide for can easily find extensive bibliographies on the subject in English, Portuguese and Spanish which are of great value. They will do well to consult P. H. Goldsmith, A Brief Bibliography (Macmillan), although it is admittedly incomplete in its list of books and contemptuously harsh in its judgment of many of those included. More comprehensive and valuable are the Bibliographie Hispanique (annual, New York) published by the Hispanic Society of America, and the lists and catalogues of books, pamphlets, periodicals, and maps prepared by the Pan-American Union and printed by the United States Government,—first, the list relating to Central America by P. Lee Phillips, 1902; secondly, the catalogue of books, periodicals, etc., in the Columbus Library, which appeared successively in 1905, 1907, 1909, and 1914. Many lists respecting individual Hispanic-American countries have been published, including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, and Paraguay. Reference also must necessarily be made to the exhaustive and scholarly Biblioteca Hispano-Americana and other compilations of José Toribio Medina, the great bibliographer of Chile. The Hispanic American Historical Review is commended to the student not only for its own articles and reviews, but for the great service rendered to the bibliography of this subject by publishing with each issue a list of books and articles pertaining to the field which have recently appeared.

The writer would anticipate the criticism that the list of books specified in the syllabus for reading is incomplete. Since these readings are designed for class purposes and are selected as being practicable, the incompleteness was scarcely avoidable. The specialist will again find it easy to enlarge. In the list of readings, in order to conserve space, the author's name and full title of the book are stated when the first reference is made; thereafter only the author's name is employed, except in such cases in which the author has written more than one book or in which clearness seems to demand complete or partial repetition.

The author wishes to make acknowledgment of his indebtedness to Professor William R. Shepherd, of Columbia University, whose advice and inspiration have been of incalculable service to him. Professor Shepherd generously made suggestions for this edition of the syllabus. Chapel Hill, N. C., June, 1920.

A SYLLABUS OF HISPANIC-AMERICAN HISTORY

INTRODUCTION

I. The Political Situation in Europe at Opening of the 16th Century.

1. The National States: England, France, Spain and Portugal.

2. The Holy Roman Empire.

3. The city states of Italy.

4. Other European States.

Readings: Hayes, A Political and Social History of Modern Europe, Vol. I, 3-25.

II. Scientific and intellectual progress.

1. Medieval travels; the crusades.

2. The Renaissance.

3. Invention of the compass and improvement of the astrolabe.

4. Improvement and increase of maps.

Readings: Cheyney, European Background of American History, 41-59.

III. European Commerce at the Opening of the 16th Century.

1. Trade and trade routes between Europe and the Far East.

2. The Mediterranean and the Italian cities.

3. Conquests of the Ottoman Turks; closing of old routes.

4. Decline of the Italian cities.

5. Need of new routes; Battle of the Nile, 1516.

Readings: Cheyney, 3-40; Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 98-99, 107-110; Hayes, I, 27-49.

IV. The Commercial Revolution.

1. The geographic position of Spain and Portugal.

2. The circumnavigation of Africa: Prince Henry the Navigator; Diaz; Vasco da Gama.

3. The Western passage; sought by Spain.

4. The commercial revolution; effects.

5. Creation of trade companies; new methods of commerce.

6. Expansion and colonization; motives.

Readings: Bourne, Spain in America, 104-132; Cheyney, 123-146; Hayes, I, 27-69.

V. Spain and Portugal at the Opening of the 16th Century.

A. Background of Spanish history.

Spanish Society:

1. Geographic influences in Spanish history.

2. The evolution of the Spanish nationality:

a. The earliest historic inhabitants of the Iberian peninsula.

b. The invasions: Phoenician; Carthaginian; Roman; Visigothic; Vandal; Moorish.

c. Immigration of Jews and Berbers.

d. Contact and conflict with the Moors, 710-1492.

e. Expulsion of the Moors and the Jews.

f. Establishment of union and central government.

3. The individualism of the people.

4. Militarist spirit engendered by long wars.

5. Evolution of types.

6. Governmental system:

a. The king and his powers.

b. The executive and advisory councils.

c. The Spanish Cortes.

d. Legal codes and other systems of law.

e. Administrative machinery.

f. Local and municipal government.

g. System of taxation.

h. Efforts of Ferdinand and Isabella to unify Spain and centralize powers of government.

7. The Church and morals:

a. The Spanish clergy.

b. Inquisition.

c. Influences of Moors and Jews upon church and faith.

8. Industries and agriculture; attitude toward labor: The Mesta; wheat, vine, and olive culture.

9. Condition of social classes.

10. Intellectual development in Spain: