trade during the 19th century:

a. Comparative predominance of United States to about 1850.

b. Disruption of trade during War of Secession.

c. Increased European competition after Franco-Prussian war.

3. History of trade in the 20th century.

4. Volume of contemporary trade, export and import, with United States; with Europe.

5. Character of the trade:

a. Standard articles imported and exported.

b. Non-competitive goods and raw products.

c. Competitive goods.

6. Purchasing power of Hispanic American countries.

7. Misconceptions, current in United States, as to Hispanic-American habits of business.

8. Obstacles in the way of trade:

a. Lack of merchant marine.

b. Established habits and traditions of trade.

c. Ignorance of market and the accepted methods of trade:

1. Market demands.

2. Transportation problems.

3. Tariff administrations.

d. Long term credits.

e. Lack of organization to secure the trade.

9. Methods for improvement.

10. The Webb-Pomerene Act.

11. Effects of the European war of 1914; construction of the Panama Canal.

12. Increase of American business interests in Hispanic America.

Readings: Atlas America Latina; Verrill, South and Central American Trade Conditions of Today, 168-179; U. S. Sen. Doc. No. 737, 60th Cong., 2d Sess., (Fisher, Ethnography and Commercial Importance of Latin America and the West Indies); House Doc., No. 154, 59 Cong., 2d Sess.; Aughinbaugh, Selling Latin America; Babson, The Future of South America; Bonsal, The American Mediterranean; Chandler, Inter-American Acquaintances; Hough, Practical Exporting; Shepherd, 168-179; ——, Our South American Trade (Pol. Science Quart., Dec., 1909); Filsinger, Exporting to Latin America; Savay, The Science of Foreign Trade; Pepper, American Foreign Trade; Cooper, Understanding South America; Wilson, South America as an Export Field, (Sp. Agt. Ser. No. 81, 1914, Dept. of Com.); South American Supplement, London Times; U. S. consular reports; reports of the Department of Commerce and Labor (now Department of Commerce).

Chapter XII. Hispanic America and the World War.

1. Economic and political influences of the war.

2. Hispanic-American products necessary in the prosecution of the war.

3. Efforts to secure sympathy for one or the other group of belligerents; policies of neutrality; cultural factors in the situation: Germany as a menace.

4. Improvement in the financial situation; development of Pan Americanism: the financial congresses.

5. Growth of anti-German sentiment in certain countries; Ruy Barbosa's indictment of Germany; the Luxburg and Zimmermann dispatches.

6. Effect of the entrance of the United States into the war.

7. Hispanic America in the war:

a. Nations which declared war: Brazil, Costa Rica, Cuba, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama.

b. Nations which severed relations with Germany: Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, Santo Domingo, Uruguay.

c. The neutral countries: Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Salvador, Venezuela, Paraguay.

d. Services of Brazil and Cuba.

8. Hispanic America and the Peace Conference; the prominent part played by Brazil.

9. The Tacna-Arica question in a new phase.

10. Attitude toward the League of Nations; Brazil as a member of the Supreme Council; the states which joined the league.

11. The Monroe Doctrine during the war; projects for an inter-American league of states.

12. Economic results of the war upon Hispanic America.

Readings: Martin, Latin America and the War, (League of Nations, II, No. 4); Kirkpatrick, South America and the War; Rowe, Early Effects of the War upon Finance, Commerce, and Industry of Peru; Ferrara, La doctrine de Monroe y la liga de las naciones; Galliard, Amerique latine et Europe occidentale; Wagner, L'Allemagne et l'Amerique Latine; Quesada, El "peligro Aleman" en sud America; Yearbooks and periodicals.