the members of the body, also the clerks, doorkeeper and pages.

The president pro tem. presides in the absence of the Lieutenant Governor, and in case of vacancy to this office would become Lieutenant Governor.

The president of the Senate appoints the standing committees, unless the opposite party is in power, then the president pro tem. virtually controls said appointments.

To be a member of the House of Representatives a person must be twenty-four years old.

His term of office is only two years but he receives the same salary as a Senator, $10.00 per day, mileage and stationery.

The body elects its speaker and other officers, and has the sole power of impeachment.

The principal work in both houses are done through the committees appointed by the President of the Senate and Speaker of the House.

A bill is prepared and introduced by a member of the Senate or House. If it pertains to revenue and taxation, it must originate in the House of Representatives.

When a bill is introduced the clerk of the body reads it by title only. The President of the Senate or Speaker of the House then refers it to the proper committee (of the body in which the bill originated). It is numbered and ordered printed when referred to the committee. The committee considers the bill and usually reports it back with expression of opinion that it should or should not pass to the body in which it originated. (The committee may pigeonhole it and not report it, or may report it too late for action by the body.)

The bill and the report from the committee is printed and placed on the calendar and takes its turn to be brought up for passage. (By consent a bill is acted upon out of its turn.)

The bill is taken in its regular order from the calendar and read the second time in full by the clerk. It is open to debate or amendment unless the previous question is ordered, which if adopted cuts off debate and amendment. Then the bill is read the third time by title only. (Any member may demand the reading in full of the engrossed bill if he desires.) It is then placed on its passage by the presiding officer of the body, and if passed it is then transmitted to the Senate by the House clerk, if a House bill. If a Senate bill, it is taken by the Senate clerk to the House for consideration.

A bill goes through the same form in either body, after which it is returned to the body in which it originated with or without amendments. If the bill is passed it goes into possession of the clerk of the body in which it originated. Then the enrolling clerk of the body in which the bill originated enrolls it verbatim from the original. After it is enrolled it is compared by the committee on enrollment in each House. If found correctly enrolled the chairman of each committee reports it to the body, and it is compared again by the clerks of each body and signed by the clerk of the body in which it originated, also signed by the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House. (The presiding officer of the House in which it originated signs first.) Then the clerk of that body takes it to the Governor for his approval. If the Governor approves it he does so with his signature. It becomes a law at once if it has an emergency clause; otherwise, in ninety days after its signature by the Governor. It is then filed with the Secretary of State. Then later on the bills passed during the session are compiled by the Attorney General and known as the Acts of the General Assembly of that session. If the Governor vetoes a bill while the Legislature is in session, it may be taken up in the house in which it originated, and passed over his veto, but must receive a two-thirds vote in each house.

The Governor is allowed ten days after the General Assembly adjourns for approving bills, and if not signed within that time they become the law without his signature.

The passage of a bill in all the states is about the same.

CHAPTER IV.

Judiciary Department.

The state courts derive their powers and jurisdiction from the Constitution and laws of the state. The courts in different states go by different names, yet the jurisdiction is about the same.

The Court of Appeals is the highest court in Kentucky. It holds annual sessions from about September fifteenth to about June twenty-second at the State Capitol, Frankfort, Kentucky.

Seven judges and one commissioner constitute the Court of Appeals in Kentucky, and each receives a salary of five thousand dollars per year, a clerk or secretary and an office furnished in the new capitol building.

A person to be a member of the Court of Appeals must be thirty-five years old and a citizen of the State for five years. He must have resided two years in the judicial district from which he is elected.

The Court of Appeals or Supreme Court is the highest court of the State. This court is the State court of last resort.

The judges of the Court of Appeals are elected by the people for a term of eight years, commencing on the first Monday in January succeeding their election.

The cases tried before the Court of Appeals are usually appealed to it from the lower courts.

There are certain classes of cases that come before the Court of Appeals for first trial in which is involved the question of official action of State officers.

Circuit Court.

The circuit judge holds this court first in one county and then in another until the circuit of the counties which compose his district is completed.

Circuit court is held in the court house of the county seat two or three times a year, presided over by the judge of that district elected by the voters. (In case of a vacancy the Governor of the State appoints some lawyer to fill his place.) The majority of important cases are tried in this court, because a jury trial may always be had in the circuit court.

The Constitution of the United States provides that every man or woman shall have the right to trial by jury in all criminal cases, and in civil cases involving a sum of more than $20.00.

Twelve citizens known as a grand jury usually meet at the time the circuit court convenes. All violations of law are investigated, and persons found guilty are indicted by the grand jury.

County Court.

The county court is held at the county seat of every county and is presided over by the county judge. The county judge is elected by the voters of the county.

In this court civil suits are tried in which the sum involved is not over $200.00. It tries the more important cases which do not come before the justice of the peace court, or city police court.

The county judge's office is the most important office in the county. He probates wills and appoints executors, administrators, and guardians. He is the head of the fiscal court which looks after all the material interests of the county, as construction of roads, care of paupers and the general interest of the county.

Justice of the Peace Court.

The justice of the peace court is the lowest court and is held by a justice of peace, called a magistrate, who is elected in that magisterial district by the voters. Petty misdemeanors involving small sums of money are tried in this court.

The justices' courts are found in every community for protection and convenience to the people.

The magistrates are members of the fiscal court of the county.

Police Court.

The police courts in towns and cities are