difference between France and England; and the prevalence of the protective spirit prevented the French from becoming free

102–107 CHAPTER II. HISTORY OF THE PROTECTIVE SPIRIT, AND COMPARISON OF IT IN FRANCE AND ENGLAND. About the eleventh century the spirit of inquiry began to weaken the church 108–110 Coinciding with this, the feudal system and an hereditary aristocracy appeared 110–112 The nobles displace the clergy, and celibacy is opposed by the principle of hereditary rank 112 In England the nobles were less powerful than in France 113–116 And were glad to ally themselves with the people against the crown 116–118 Hence a spirit of popular independence unknown in France, where the nobles were too powerful to need the help of the people 118–119 Effects of this difference between the two countries in the fourteenth century 119–122 Centralization was in France the natural successor of feudality 122–126 This state contrasted with that of England 126–127 Power of the French nobles 128–131 Illustration from the history of chivalry 131–135 Another illustration from the vanity of the French and pride of the English 135–137 Also from the practice of duelling 137 The pride of Englishmen encouraged the Reformation 138 Analogy between the Reformation and the revolutions of the seventeenth century 138–139 Both were opposed by the clergy and nobles. Natural alliance between these two classes 139–142 In the reign of Elizabeth both classes were weakened 143–146 James I. and Charles I. vainly attempted to restore their power 147 CHAPTER III. THE ENERGY OF THE PROTECTIVE SPIRIT IN FRANCE EXPLAINS THE FAILURE OF THE FRONDE. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE FRONDE AND THE CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH REBELLION. Difference between the Fronde and the great English rebellion 148–150 The English rebellion was a war of classes 150–159 But in France the energy of the protective spirit and the power of the nobles made a war of classes impossible 160–162 Vanity and imbecility of the French nobles 162–170 As such men were the leaders of the Fronde, the rebellion naturally failed 167–173 But the English rebellion succeeded because it was a democratic movement headed by popular leaders public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@44494@[email protected]#Page_174" class="pginternal"