href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@44494@[email protected]#Page_412" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">412–415

Influence of the American Rebellion 415–418 Summary of the causes of the French Revolution 418–420 General reflections 420–424 CHAPTER VIII. OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF THE SPANISH INTELLECT FROM THE FIFTH TO THE MIDDLE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. In the preceding Chapters four propositions have been established 425–426 The truth of which may be further verified by studying the history of Spain 426 In Spain, superstition is encouraged by physical phenomena 426–434 It was also encouraged by the great Arian war with France 434–439 And, subsequently, by the war with the Mohammedans 439–444 These three causes influenced the policy of Ferdinand and Isabella 444–446 Continuation of the same policy by Charles V. and by Philip II. 446–453 Philip II., notwithstanding his repulsive qualities, was loved by the nation 453–455 Their affection for him was the result of general causes, which, during several centuries, have made the Spaniards the most loyal people in Europe 455 Origin of Spanish loyalty, and evidence of it 455–461 Loyalty became united with superstition, and each strengthened the other 461–462 In consequence of this union, great foreign conquests were made, and a great military spirit was developed 461–465 But this sort of progress, depending too much upon individuals, is necessarily unstable 465–466 The progress of England, on the other hand, depends upon the ability of the nation, and therefore, continues, whether individual rulers are skilful, or whether they are unskilful 466–467 In Spain, the ruling classes were supreme; the people counted for nothing; and hence the grandeur of the country, which was raised up by the able princes of the sixteenth century, was as quickly pulled down by the weak princes of the seventeenth 467–472 The decay of Spain, in the seventeenth century, was connected with the increasing influence of the clergy 472–483 The first use which the clergy made of their power was to expel all the Moors 483–496 Effect of this expulsion in impoverishing Spain 497–499 ODecline of manufactures, and of population, and increase of poverty 499–511 In 1700, when affairs were at their worst, the Austrian dynasty was succeeded by the Bourbon 513–514 Spain was now ruled by foreigners 514–520 Who endeavoured to improve the country by weakening the