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  68. Soldiers armed in Banded-mail: from a volume illuminated at Metz about 1280, and now preserved in-the public library of that city. The figures here given have been engraved in Hefner's Trachten, Part i. Plate lxxvii.; from which admirable work we have transferred them to our pages. It will be observed that no two of these warriors are equipped exactly alike. 268   69. Chess-piece (a Warder) of walrus-tusk, of the early part of the thirteenth century. It was presented to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland by Lord Macdonald; and exhibited in the Museum formed at York on the visit of the Archæological Institute to that city in 1846. (See "Archæological Journal," vol. iii. p. 241.) The armour appears to be chain-mail, rudely expressed by a series of lines and punctures. The shields are remarkable from having a blunt termination below, instead of the usual pointed form. 269   70. Monumental statue of an unknown knight in Norton Church, Durham: from the figure by Blore and Le Keux in Surtees' History of Durham, vol. iii. p. 155. Date, about 1300. The hauberk has the hood (or coif?) thrown off the head and lying on the shoulders: straps tighten it at the wrists. Over the chausses appear the knee-pieces, which probably terminated a chausson of gamboised work. The surcoat differs from the earlier fashion of this garment, in having sleeves. The sword is of an enriched character, the pommel being ornamented with an escutcheon, which was no doubt once ensigned with the bearings of the knight. Similar escutcheons appear on the genouillères. The hair, short over the forehead, and gathered into large curls over the ears, is characteristic of this period. The arming of the figure is almost identical with that of Brian Fitz Alan, at Bedale, Yorkshire (See Blore's Monuments, and Hollis's Effigies, Part iv.). 275   71. Series of Helms of the thirteenth century.—Fig. 1. From the effigy of Hugo Fitz Eudo, in Kirkstead Chapel, Lincolnshire. A drawing of the whole figure will be found in Powell's Collections in the British Museum: Add. MS. 17,462, fol. 71. Fig. 2. From a carving in an arcade of the Presbytery, Worcester Cathedral. Fig. 3. From a sculpture in the Cathedral of Constance: the entire figure is given in Hefner's Costumes, Part i. Plate iv. Fig. 4. From the Seal of Hugo de Vere, fourth earl of Oxford: 1221-63. Fig. 5. From a knightly figure on folio 27 of Harleian MS. 32,44: circa 1250. Fig. 6. From the Great Seal of Alexander II., king of Scotland: 1214-49: from an impression appended to Cotton Charter, xix. 2. Fig. 7. From Seal of Robert Fitz Walter, Lord of Wodeham and Castellan of London: circa 1298. See page 334. Fig. 8. From a glass-painting in Chartres Cathedral, representing Ferdinand, king of Castille: circa 1250. Fig. 9. A helm of iron in the Tower collection. Fig. 10. From a miniature on Cotton Roll, xv. 7. Fig. 11. From the Seal of Louis of Savoy: circa 1294. The whole figure is given by Cibrario in the Sigilli de' Principi di Savoia, Plate xxx. Fig. 12. An example of the so-called Sugar-loaf helm: from Royal MS. 20. D. i. Compare that on the brass of Sir Roger de Trumpington, which is somewhat more ornate (woodcut, No. 73). 278   72. Combat of knights, from Roy. MS. 20, D. i.; a volume already used for our illustrations numbered 47 and 48. Both figures are armed from head to foot in banded-mail, and have the characteristic helm of the period: of "sugar-loaf" form, and brought so low as to rest on the shoulders. The warrior on the left hand wears a crown over his helm, and has the further decoration of a fan-crest of ungainly size. The shields are of the old kite shape, but much reduced in their dimensions from their Neustrian prototypes. The crowned combatant has a dagger at his right side: an early instance of an arrangement which afterwards became very common. The caparison of the horses does not appear to be of a defensive construction; but an under-housing of gamboiserie or chain-work may perhaps in such cases be implied. 283   73. Monumental brass of Sir Roger de Trumpington, executed about 1290, and still occupying its old position in the parish church

The knight is armed in hauberk, chausses and hood of chain-mail; with a chausson, of which the knee-pieces seem to be of iron plate. Ailettes are at the shoulders, and for pillow the warrior has his helm; from the lower edge of which a chain passes to the belt of the surcoat, in order to prevent its being lost in battle. The triangular, bowed shield is sustained by the usual guige; and here, as well as on the ailettes and the escutcheons of the sword-sheath, are seen the Trumpets forming, in allusion to his name, the heraldic bearings of our knight.

285   74. Incised slab to the memory of the knight, Johan le Botiler, in the church of St. Bride's, Glamorganshire. Date, about 1300. As in the preceding example, the heraldic figures (borne in this instance on the shield and cervellière) are allusive to the name of the bearer, Butler. The sword, with its trefoil pommel and narrow, curved cross-piece, has quite the character of the Anglo-Saxon weapon of the eleventh century. In the rowel spur, however, we recognise the spirit of progress; and the cervellière of plate, worn, as here, in conjunction with the coif of chain-mail, is an early example of that arrangement in a monumental effigy. 287   75. Figure of Goliath, from Add. MS. 11,639, fol. 520: a Hebrew copy of the