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327   85. Great Seal of King Edward I. Drawn from impression at Carlton Ride marked H. 20; and Harl. Charter, 43, C. 52. The king is armed in hauberk and chausses of chain-mail, with helm having moveable visor; and he wears the shorter surcoat without armorial decoration. The shield presents no new feature. The mountings of the sword are of an unusual pattern: the fleur-de-lis ornament at the extremity is again seen at the hinge of the visor. This is the first English royal seal in which the housing of the steed is heraldically ensigned. 339   86. Horse in housing of chain-mail: from the Painted Chamber[2]. Representations of the mailed steed are extremely rare, though the descriptions of them are frequent. The knight has here an armoried surcoat, and wears the usual "barrel helm" of the time. 342   87. Seal and counter-seal of Roger de Quinci, second earl of Winchester, 1219-64. The arming of both figures is exactly the same: hauberk and chausses of chain-mail, cylindrical helm, triangular bowed shield, and two-edged sword. The wyvern which seems to form a crest to the helm in the counter-seal, is in fact only an ornament used to fill up the space left after the word "scocie" in the legend. The flower in the same seal, and the similar wyvern in the obverse, are employed with a like view of enriching the composition with ornament. De Quinci was Lord High Steward of Scotland by right of his wife, and on the reverse-seal before us, where he is described as "Constabularius Scocie," we have the figure of the Scottish Lion: the seeming combat between the two being an ingenious fancy of the artist. Compare Winchester Volume of Archæological Institute, p. 103, and Laing's Ancient Scottish Seals, p. 113. 346   88. Wager of Battle between Walter Blowberme and Hamon le Stare, from the original roll in the Tower. The document is noticed in Madox's History of the Exchequer, with an engraving, p. 383. He describes the incident as "a pretty remarkable Case of a Duell that was fought in the reign of K. Henry III.... A Duell was struck. And Hamon being vanquished in the Combat, was adjudged to be hanged". 375   89. Caerphilly Castle, Glamorganshire. Built about 1275. We have here the type of the "Edwardian Castle;" differing from the Norman stronghold essentially in this: that, while the Norman fortress was a massive building surrounded by a court, the Edwardian arrangement was a court surrounded by strong buildings. The buildings themselves differed in many particulars, not only from their Norman predecessors, but from each other; and it would require a volume to examine at large the many curious devices for offence and defence that are exhibited in the various examples left to our times. We must again refer the student to the admirable work of M. Viollet-le-Duc, Architecture Militaire du Moyen-Âge, and to the able paper on the same subject in the first volume of the "Archæological Journal." And, for a complete account of the works at Caerphilly, see the Archæologia Cambrensis, vol. i., N. S. The engraving before us is from a drawing by Mr. G. T. Clark, in which some portion of the lost buildings has been supplied from the indications afforded by a careful survey of those remaining. Conspicuous in front is the Great Hall, with its louvre. Below is a water-gate, leading from the moat into the interior of the castle. Various outworks are connected with the main structure by means of drawbridges, and at the right-hand corner is a mill, turned by the stream which supplies the moat. 377